    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                        R. Stewart
    Request for Comments: 8540                                 Netflix, Inc.
    Category: Informational                                        M. Tuexen
    ISSN: 2070-1721                         Muenster Univ. of Appl. Sciences
                                                                  M. Proshin
                                                                    Ericsson
                                                               February 2019

                     Stream Control Transmission Protocol:
                         Errata and Issues in RFC 4960

    Abstract

       This document is a compilation of issues found since the publication
       of RFC 4960 in September 2007, based on experience with implementing,
       testing, and using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
       along with the suggested fixes.  This document provides deltas to RFC
       4960 and is organized in a time-ordered way.  The issues are listed
       in the order in which they were brought up.  Because some text is
       changed several times, the last delta in the text is the one that
       should be applied.  In addition to the deltas, a description of each
       problem and the details of the solution for each are also provided.

    Status of This Memo

       This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
       published for informational purposes.

       This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
       (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
       received public review and has been approved for publication by the
       Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
       approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet
       Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.

       Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
       and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
       https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8540.

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    Copyright Notice

       Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
       document authors.  All rights reserved.

       This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
       Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
       (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
       publication of this document.  Please review these documents
       carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
       to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
       include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
       the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
       described in the Simplified BSD License.

    Table of Contents

       1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
       2.  Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       3.  Corrections to RFC 4960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
         3.1.  Path Error Counter Threshold Handling . . . . . . . . . .   4
         3.2.  Upper-Layer Protocol Shutdown Request Handling  . . . . .   5
         3.3.  Registration of New Chunk Types . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
         3.4.  Variable Parameters for INIT Chunks . . . . . . . . . . .   7
         3.5.  CRC32c Sample Code on 64-Bit Platforms  . . . . . . . . .   8
         3.6.  Endpoint Failure Detection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
         3.7.  Data Transmission Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
         3.8.  T1-Cookie Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         3.9.  Miscellaneous Typos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
         3.10. CRC32c Sample Code  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
         3.11. partial_bytes_acked after T3-rtx Expiration . . . . . . .  19
         3.12. Order of Adjustments of partial_bytes_acked and cwnd  . .  20
         3.13. HEARTBEAT ACK and the Association Error Counter . . . . .  21
         3.14. Path for Fast Retransmission  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
         3.15. Transmittal in Fast Recovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
         3.16. Initial Value of ssthresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
         3.17. Automatically CONFIRMED Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
         3.18. Only One Packet after Retransmission Timeout  . . . . . .  26
         3.19. INIT ACK Path for INIT in COOKIE-WAIT State . . . . . . .  27
         3.20. Zero Window Probing and Unreachable Primary Path  . . . .  28
         3.21. Normative Language in Section 10 of RFC 4960  . . . . . .  29
         3.22. Increase of partial_bytes_acked in Congestion Avoidance .  32
         3.23. Inconsistent Handling of Notifications  . . . . . . . . .  33
         3.24. SACK.Delay Not Listed as a Protocol Parameter . . . . . .  37
         3.25. Processing of Chunks in an Incoming SCTP Packet . . . . .  39
         3.26. Increasing the cwnd in the Congestion Avoidance Phase . .  41
         3.27. Refresh of cwnd and ssthresh after Idle Period  . . . . .  43
         3.28. Window Updates after Receiver Window Opens Up . . . . . .  45

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         3.29. Path of DATA and Reply Chunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
         3.30. "Outstanding Data", "Flightsize", and "Data in Flight"
               Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
         3.31. Degradation of cwnd due to Max.Burst  . . . . . . . . . .  49
         3.32. Reduction of RTO.Initial  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
         3.33. Ordering of Bundled SACK and ERROR Chunks . . . . . . . .  51
         3.34. Undefined Parameter Returned by RECEIVE Primitive . . . .  52
         3.35. DSCP Changes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
         3.36. Inconsistent Handling of ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages . . .  55
         3.37. Handling of Soft Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
         3.38. Honoring cwnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
         3.39. Zero Window Probing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
         3.40. Updating References regarding ECN . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
         3.41. Host Name Address Parameter Deprecated  . . . . . . . . .  62
         3.42. Conflicting Text regarding the 'Supported Address Types'
               Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
         3.43. Integration of RFC 6096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
         3.44. Integration of RFC 6335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
         3.45. Integration of RFC 7053 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
         3.46. CRC32c Code Improvements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
         3.47. Clarification of Gap Ack Blocks in SACK Chunks  . . . . .  87
         3.48. Handling of SSN Wraparounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
         3.49. Update to RFC 2119 Boilerplate Text . . . . . . . . . . .  90
         3.50. Removal of Text (Previously Missed in RFC 4960) . . . . .  91
       4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
       5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
       6.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
         6.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
         6.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
       Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
       Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94

    1.  Introduction

       This document contains a compilation of all defects for [RFC4960]
       ("Stream Control Transmission Protocol") that were found up until the
       publication of this document.  These defects may be of an editorial
       or technical nature.  This document may be thought of as a companion
       document to be used in the implementation of the Stream Control
       Transmission Protocol (SCTP) to clarify errors in the original SCTP
       document.

       This document provides a history of the changes that will be compiled
       into a bis document for [RFC4960].  It is structured similarly to
       [RFC4460].

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       Each error will be detailed within this document in the form of:

       o  The problem description,

       o  The text quoted from [RFC4960],

       o  The replacement text that should be placed into an upcoming bis
          document, and

       o  A description of the solution.

       Note that when reading this document one must use care to ensure that
       a field or item is not updated later on within the document.  Since
       this document is a historical record of the sequential changes that
       have been found necessary at various interop events and through
       discussion on the Transport Area Working Group mailing list, the last
       delta in the text is the one that should be applied.

    2.  Conventions

       The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
       "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
       "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
       BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
       capitals, as shown here.

    3.  Corrections to RFC 4960

    3.1.  Path Error Counter Threshold Handling

    3.1.1.  Description of the Problem

       The handling of the 'Path.Max.Retrans' parameter is described in
       Sections 8.2 and 8.3 of [RFC4960] in an inconsistent way.  Whereas
       Section 8.2 of [RFC4960] says that a path is marked inactive when the
       path error counter exceeds the threshold, Section 8.3 of [RFC4960]
       says that the path is marked inactive when the path error counter
       reaches the threshold.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 1440.

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    3.1.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       When the value of this counter reaches the protocol parameter
       'Path.Max.Retrans', the endpoint should mark the corresponding
       destination address as inactive if it is not so marked, and may also
       optionally report to the upper layer the change of reachability of
       this destination address.  After this, the endpoint should continue
       HEARTBEAT on this destination address but should stop increasing the
       counter.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       When the value of this counter exceeds the protocol parameter
       'Path.Max.Retrans', the endpoint SHOULD mark the corresponding
       destination address as inactive if it is not so marked and MAY also
       optionally report to the upper layer the change in reachability of
       this destination address.  After this, the endpoint SHOULD continue
       HEARTBEAT on this destination address but SHOULD stop increasing the
       counter.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.23.

    3.1.3.  Solution Description

       The intended state change should happen when the threshold is
       exceeded.

    3.2.  Upper-Layer Protocol Shutdown Request Handling

    3.2.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 9.2 of [RFC4960] describes the handling of received SHUTDOWN
       chunks in the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state instead of the handling of
       shutdown requests from its upper layer in this state.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 1574.

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    3.2.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       Once an endpoint has reached the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state, it MUST NOT
       send a SHUTDOWN in response to a ULP request, and should discard
       subsequent SHUTDOWN chunks.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       Once an endpoint has reached the SHUTDOWN-RECEIVED state, it MUST
       ignore ULP shutdown requests but MUST continue responding to SHUTDOWN
       chunks from its peer.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.2.3.  Solution Description

       The text never intended that the SCTP endpoint ignore SHUTDOWN chunks
       from its peer.  If it did, the endpoints could never gracefully
       terminate associations in some cases.

    3.3.  Registration of New Chunk Types

    3.3.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 14.1 of [RFC4960] should deal with new chunk types; however,
       the text only refers to parameter types.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 2592.

    3.3.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 14.1)
       ---------

       The assignment of new chunk parameter type codes is done through an
       IETF Consensus action, as defined in [RFC2434].  Documentation of the
       chunk parameter MUST contain the following information:

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 14.1)
       ---------

       The assignment of new chunk type codes is done through an IETF
       Consensus action, as defined in [RFC8126].  Documentation for the
       chunk type MUST contain the following information:

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.43.

    3.3.3.  Solution Description

       The new text refers to chunk types as intended and changes the
       reference to [RFC8126].

    3.4.  Variable Parameters for INIT Chunks

    3.4.1.  Description of the Problem

       In Section 3.3.2 of [RFC4960], newlines in wrong places break the
       layout of the table of variable parameters for the INIT chunk.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 3291 and Errata ID 3804.

    3.4.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.2)
       ---------

       Variable Parameters                  Status     Type Value
       -------------------------------------------------------------
       IPv4 Address (Note 1)               Optional    5 IPv6 Address
       (Note 1)               Optional    6 Cookie Preservative
       Optional    9 Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2)   Optional
       32768 (0x8000) Host Name Address (Note 3)          Optional
       11 Supported Address Types (Note 4)    Optional    12

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.2)
       ---------

       Variable Parameters                  Status     Type Value
       -------------------------------------------------------------
       IPv4 Address (Note 1)               Optional    5
       IPv6 Address (Note 1)               Optional    6
       Cookie Preservative                 Optional    9
       Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2)   Optional    32768 (0x8000)
       Host Name Address (Note 3)          Optional    11
       Supported Address Types (Note 4)    Optional    12

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.4.3.  Solution Description

       The formatting of the table is corrected.

    3.5.  CRC32c Sample Code on 64-Bit Platforms

    3.5.1.  Description of the Problem

       The sample code for CRC32c computation, as provided in [RFC4960],
       assumes that a variable of type unsigned long uses 32 bits.  This is
       not true on some 64-bit platforms (for example, platforms that
       use LP64).

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 3423.

    3.5.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       unsigned long
       generate_crc32c(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         unsigned int i;
         unsigned long crc32 = ~0L;

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       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       unsigned long
       generate_crc32c(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         unsigned int i;
         unsigned long crc32 = 0xffffffffL;

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.10 and again in Section 3.46.

    3.5.3.  Solution Description

       The new text uses 0xffffffffL instead of ~0L; this gives the same
       value on platforms using 32 bits or 64 bits for variables of type
       unsigned long.

    3.6.  Endpoint Failure Detection

    3.6.1.  Description of the Problem

       The handling of the association error counter defined in Section 8.1
       of [RFC4960] can result in an association failure even if the path
       used for data transmission is available (but idle).

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 3788.

    3.6.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       An endpoint shall keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
       retransmissions to its peer (this includes retransmissions to all the
       destination transport addresses of the peer if it is multi-homed),
       including unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       An endpoint SHOULD keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
       retransmissions to its peer (this includes data retransmissions to
       all the destination transport addresses of the peer if it is

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       multi-homed), including the number of unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks
       observed on the path that is currently used for data transfer.
       Unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks observed on paths different from the
       path currently used for data transfer SHOULD NOT increment the
       association error counter, as this could lead to association closure
       even if the path that is currently used for data transfer is
       available (but idle).

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.23.

    3.6.3.  Solution Description

       A more refined handling of the association error counter is defined.

    3.7.  Data Transmission Rules

    3.7.1.  Description of the Problem

       When integrating the changes to Section 6.1 A) of [RFC2960] as
       described in Section 2.15.2 of [RFC4460], some text was duplicated
       and became the final paragraph of Section 6.1 A) of [RFC4960].

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 4071.

    3.7.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1 A))
       ---------

       The sender MUST also have an algorithm for sending new DATA chunks to
       avoid silly window syndrome (SWS) as described in [RFC0813].  The
       algorithm can be similar to the one described in Section 4.2.3.4 of
       [RFC1122].

       However, regardless of the value of rwnd (including if it is 0), the
       data sender can always have one DATA chunk in flight to the receiver
       if allowed by cwnd (see rule B below).  This rule allows the sender
       to probe for a change in rwnd that the sender missed due to the SACK
       having been lost in transit from the data receiver to the data
       sender.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1 A))
       ---------

       The sender MUST also have an algorithm for sending new DATA chunks to
       avoid silly window syndrome (SWS) as described in [RFC1122].  The
       algorithm can be similar to the algorithm described in
       Section 4.2.3.4 of [RFC1122].

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.7.3.  Solution Description

       The last paragraph of Section 6.1 A) is removed, as had been intended
       in Section 2.15.2 of [RFC4460].

    3.8.  T1-Cookie Timer

    3.8.1.  Description of the Problem

       Figure 4 of [RFC4960] illustrates the SCTP association setup.
       However, it incorrectly shows that the T1-init timer is used in the
       COOKIE-ECHOED state, whereas the T1-cookie timer should have been
       used instead.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 4400.

    3.8.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.1.6, Figure 4)
       ---------

       COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
       (Start T1-init timer)         \
       (Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state)    \---> (build TCB enter ESTABLISHED
                                             state)
                                      /---- COOKIE-ACK
                                     /
       (Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
        Enter ESTABLISHED state)

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.1.6, Figure 4)
       ---------

       COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
       (Start T1-cookie timer)       \
       (Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state)    \---> (build TCB, enter ESTABLISHED
                                             state)
                                      /---- COOKIE-ACK
                                     /
       (Cancel T1-cookie timer, <---/
        enter ESTABLISHED state)

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.9.

    3.8.3.  Solution Description

       The figure is changed such that the T1-cookie timer is used instead
       of the T1-init timer.

    3.9.  Miscellaneous Typos

    3.9.1.  Description of the Problem

       While processing [RFC4960], some typos were not caught.

       One typo was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with Errata ID 5003.

    3.9.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 1.6)
       ---------

       Transmission Sequence Numbers wrap around when they reach 2**32 - 1.
       That is, the next TSN a DATA chunk MUST use after transmitting TSN =
       2*32 - 1 is TSN = 0.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 1.6)
       ---------

       Transmission Sequence Numbers wrap around when they reach 2**32 - 1.
       That is, the next TSN a DATA chunk MUST use after transmitting
       TSN = 2**32 - 1 is TSN = 0.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.10.9)
       ---------

       No User Data: This error cause is returned to the originator of a

       DATA chunk if a received DATA chunk has no user data.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.10.9)
       ---------

       No User Data: This error cause is returned to the originator of a
       DATA chunk if a received DATA chunk has no user data.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.7, Figure 9)
       ---------

       Endpoint A                                    Endpoint Z {App
       sends 3 messages; strm 0} DATA [TSN=6,Strm=0,Seq=2] ----------
       -----> (ack delayed) (Start T3-rtx timer)

       DATA [TSN=7,Strm=0,Seq=3] --------> X (lost)

       DATA [TSN=8,Strm=0,Seq=4] ---------------> (gap detected,
                                                   immediately send ack)
                                       /----- SACK [TSN Ack=6,Block=1,
                                      /             Start=2,End=2]
                               <-----/ (remove 6 from out-queue,
        and mark 7 as "1" missing report)

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.7, Figure 9)
       ---------

       Endpoint A                                    Endpoint Z
       {App sends 3 messages; strm 0}
       DATA [TSN=6,Strm=0,Seq=2] ---------------> (ack delayed)
       (Start T3-rtx timer)

       DATA [TSN=7,Strm=0,Seq=3] --------> X (lost)

       DATA [TSN=8,Strm=0,Seq=4] ---------------> (gap detected,
                                                   immediately send ack)
                                       /----- SACK [TSN Ack=6,Block=1,
                                      /             Start=2,End=2]
                               <-----/
       (remove 6 from out-queue,
        and mark 7 as "1" missing report)

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.10)
       ---------

       An endpoint bundles chunks by simply including multiple chunks in one
       outbound SCTP packet.  The total size of the resultant IP datagram,

       including the SCTP packet and IP headers, MUST be less that or equal
       to the current Path MTU.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.10)
       ---------

       An endpoint bundles chunks by simply including multiple chunks in one
       outbound SCTP packet.  The total size of the resultant IP datagram,
       including the SCTP packet and IP headers, MUST be less than or equal
       to the current Path MTU (PMTU).

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 O))
       ---------

       o  Receive Unacknowledged Message

          Format: RECEIVE_UNACKED(data retrieval id, buffer address, buffer
                  size, [,stream id] [, stream sequence number] [,partial
                  flag] [,payload protocol-id])

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 O))
       ---------

       O) Receive Unacknowledged Message

          Format: RECEIVE_UNACKED(data retrieval id, buffer address, buffer
                  size [,stream id] [,stream sequence number] [,partial
                  flag] [,payload protocol-id])

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 M))
       ---------

       M) Set Protocol Parameters

          Format: SETPROTOCOLPARAMETERS(association id,
                  [,destination transport address,]
                  protocol parameter list)

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 M))
       ---------

       M) Set Protocol Parameters

          Format: SETPROTOCOLPARAMETERS(association id,
                  [destination transport address,]
                  protocol parameter list)

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP2) An implementation MAY ignore all ICMPv6 messages where the
              type field is not "Destination Unreachable", "Parameter
              Problem",, or "Packet Too Big".

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP2) An implementation MAY ignore all ICMPv6 messages where the
              type field is not "Destination Unreachable", "Parameter
              Problem", or "Packet Too Big".

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP7) If the ICMP message is either a v6 "Packet Too Big" or a v4
              "Fragmentation Needed", an implementation MAY process this
              information as defined for PATH MTU discovery.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP7) If the ICMP message is either a v6 "Packet Too Big" or a v4
              "Fragmentation Needed", an implementation MAY process this
              information as defined for PMTU discovery.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.4)
       ---------

       2)  For the receiver of the COOKIE ECHO, the only CONFIRMED address
          is the one to which the INIT-ACK was sent.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.4)
       ---------

       2)  For the receiver of the COOKIE ECHO, the only CONFIRMED address
           is the address to which the INIT ACK was sent.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.1.6, Figure 4)
       ---------

       COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
       (Start T1-init timer)         \
       (Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state)    \---> (build TCB enter ESTABLISHED
                                             state)
                                      /---- COOKIE-ACK
                                     /
       (Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
        Enter ESTABLISHED state)

       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.1.6, Figure 4)
       ---------

       COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
       (Start T1-cookie timer)       \
       (Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state)    \---> (build TCB, enter ESTABLISHED
                                             state)
                                      /---- COOKIE ACK
                                     /
       (Cancel T1-cookie timer, <---/
        enter ESTABLISHED state)

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.8.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.2.5)
       ---------

       5.2.5.  Handle Duplicate COOKIE-ACK.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.2.5)
       ---------

       5.2.5.  Handle Duplicate COOKIE ACK.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       By default, an SCTP endpoint SHOULD monitor the reachability of the
       idle destination transport address(es) of its peer by sending a
       HEARTBEAT chunk periodically to the destination transport
       address(es).  HEARTBEAT sending MAY begin upon reaching the
       ESTABLISHED state and is discontinued after sending either SHUTDOWN
       or SHUTDOWN-ACK.  A receiver of a HEARTBEAT MUST respond to a
       HEARTBEAT with a HEARTBEAT-ACK after entering the COOKIE-ECHOED state
       (INIT sender) or the ESTABLISHED state (INIT receiver), up until
       reaching the SHUTDOWN-SENT state (SHUTDOWN sender) or the SHUTDOWN-
       ACK-SENT state (SHUTDOWN receiver).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       By default, an SCTP endpoint SHOULD monitor the reachability of the
       idle destination transport address(es) of its peer by sending a
       HEARTBEAT chunk periodically to the destination transport
       address(es).  HEARTBEAT sending MAY begin upon reaching the
       ESTABLISHED state and is discontinued after sending either SHUTDOWN
       or SHUTDOWN ACK.  A receiver of a HEARTBEAT MUST respond to a
       HEARTBEAT with a HEARTBEAT ACK after entering the COOKIE-ECHOED state
       (INIT sender) or the ESTABLISHED state (INIT receiver), up until
       reaching the SHUTDOWN-SENT state (SHUTDOWN sender) or the
       SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state (SHUTDOWN receiver).

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.9.3.  Solution Description

       Several typos have been fixed.

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    3.10.  CRC32c Sample Code

    3.10.1.  Description of the Problem

       The CRC32c computation is described in Appendix B of [RFC4960].
       However, the corresponding sample code and its explanation appear at
       the end of Appendix C of [RFC4960], which deals with ICMP handling.

    3.10.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       The text in Appendix C of [RFC4960], starting with the following
       sentence, needs to be moved to the end of Appendix B.

          The following non-normative sample code is taken from an
          open-source CRC generator [WILLIAMS93], using the "mirroring"
          technique and yielding a lookup table for SCTP CRC32c with
          256 entries, each 32 bits wide.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.5.  It is further updated in
       Section 3.46.

    3.10.3.  Solution Description

       The text is moved to the appropriate location.

    3.11.  partial_bytes_acked after T3-rtx Expiration

    3.11.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 7.2.3 of [RFC4960] explicitly states that partial_bytes_acked
       should be reset to 0 after packet loss detection from selective
       acknowledgment (SACK), but this information is not accounted for in
       the case of T3-rtx timer expiration.

    3.11.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.3)
       ---------

       When the T3-rtx timer expires on an address, SCTP should perform slow
       start by:

       ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 4*MTU)
       cwnd = 1*MTU

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.3)
       ---------

       When the T3-rtx timer expires on an address, SCTP SHOULD perform slow
       start by:

       ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 4*MTU)
       cwnd = 1*MTU
       partial_bytes_acked = 0

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.11.3.  Solution Description

       The new text specifies that partial_bytes_acked should be reset to 0
       after T3-rtx timer expiration.

    3.12.  Order of Adjustments of partial_bytes_acked and cwnd

    3.12.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 7.2.2 of [RFC4960] likely implies the wrong order of
       adjustments applied to partial_bytes_acked and cwnd in the congestion
       avoidance phase.

    3.12.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  When partial_bytes_acked is equal to or greater than cwnd and
          before the arrival of the SACK the sender had cwnd or more bytes
          of data outstanding (i.e., before arrival of the SACK, flightsize
          was greater than or equal to cwnd), increase cwnd by MTU, and
          reset partial_bytes_acked to (partial_bytes_acked - cwnd).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  (1) when partial_bytes_acked is equal to or greater than cwnd and
          (2) before the arrival of the SACK the sender had cwnd or more
          bytes of data outstanding (i.e., before the arrival of the SACK,

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          flightsize was greater than or equal to cwnd), partial_bytes_acked
          is reset to (partial_bytes_acked - cwnd).  Next, cwnd is increased
          by 1*MTU.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.26.

    3.12.3.  Solution Description

       The new text defines the exact order of adjustments of
       partial_bytes_acked and cwnd in the congestion avoidance phase.

    3.13.  HEARTBEAT ACK and the Association Error Counter

    3.13.1.  Description of the Problem

       Sections 8.1 and 8.3 of [RFC4960] prescribe that the receiver of a
       HEARTBEAT ACK must reset the association overall error count.  In
       some circumstances, e.g., when a router discards DATA chunks but not
       HEARTBEAT chunks due to the larger size of the DATA chunk, it might
       be better to not clear the association error counter on reception of
       the HEARTBEAT ACK and reset it only on reception of the SACK to avoid
       stalling the association.

    3.13.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       The counter shall be reset each time a DATA chunk sent to that peer
       endpoint is acknowledged (by the reception of a SACK) or a HEARTBEAT
       ACK is received from the peer endpoint.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       The counter MUST be reset each time a DATA chunk sent to that peer
       endpoint is acknowledged (by the reception of a SACK).  When a
       HEARTBEAT ACK is received from the peer endpoint, the counter SHOULD
       also be reset.  The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK MAY choose not to
       clear the counter if there is outstanding data on the association.
       This allows for handling the possible difference in reachability
       based on DATA chunks and HEARTBEAT chunks.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       Upon the receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK, the sender of the HEARTBEAT
       should clear the error counter of the destination transport address
       to which the HEARTBEAT was sent, and mark the destination transport
       address as active if it is not so marked.  The endpoint may
       optionally report to the upper layer when an inactive destination
       address is marked as active due to the reception of the latest
       HEARTBEAT ACK.  The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK must also clear the
       association overall error count as well (as defined in Section 8.1).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       Upon the receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK, the sender of the HEARTBEAT
       MUST clear the error counter of the destination transport address to
       which the HEARTBEAT was sent and mark the destination transport
       address as active if it is not so marked.  The endpoint MAY
       optionally report to the upper layer when an inactive destination
       address is marked as active due to the reception of the latest
       HEARTBEAT ACK.  The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK SHOULD also clear
       the association overall error count (as defined in Section 8.1).

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.23.

    3.13.3.  Solution Description

       The new text provides the possibility of not resetting the
       association overall error count when a HEARTBEAT ACK is received if
       there are valid reasons for not doing so.

    3.14.  Path for Fast Retransmission

    3.14.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] clearly describes where to retransmit data that is timed
       out when the peer is multi-homed, but the same is not stated for fast
       retransmissions.

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    3.14.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.4)
       ---------

       Furthermore, when its peer is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD try to
       retransmit a chunk that timed out to an active destination transport
       address that is different from the last destination address to which
       the DATA chunk was sent.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.4)
       ---------

       Furthermore, when its peer is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD try to
       retransmit a chunk that timed out to an active destination transport
       address that is different from the last destination address to which
       the DATA chunk was sent.

       When its peer is multi-homed, an endpoint SHOULD send fast
       retransmissions to the same destination transport address to which
       the original data was sent.  If the primary path has been changed and
       the original data was sent to the old primary path before the Fast
       Retransmit, the implementation MAY send it to the new primary path.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.14.3.  Solution Description

       The new text clarifies where to send fast retransmissions.

    3.15.  Transmittal in Fast Recovery

    3.15.1.  Description of the Problem

       The Fast Retransmit on Gap Reports algorithm intends that only the
       very first packet may be sent regardless of cwnd in the Fast Recovery
       phase, but rule 3) in Section 7.2.4 of [RFC4960] misses this
       clarification.

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    3.15.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.4)
       ---------

       3)  Determine how many of the earliest (i.e., lowest TSN) DATA chunks
           marked for retransmission will fit into a single packet, subject
           to constraint of the path MTU of the destination transport
           address to which the packet is being sent.  Call this value K.
           Retransmit those K DATA chunks in a single packet.  When a Fast
           Retransmit is being performed, the sender SHOULD ignore the value
           of cwnd and SHOULD NOT delay retransmission for this single
           packet.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.4)
       ---------

       3)  If not in Fast Recovery, determine how many of the earliest
           (i.e., lowest TSN) DATA chunks marked for retransmission will fit
           into a single packet, subject to constraint of the PMTU of
           the destination transport address to which the packet is being
           sent.  Call this value K.  Retransmit those K DATA chunks in a
           single packet.  When a Fast Retransmit is being performed, the
           sender SHOULD ignore the value of cwnd and SHOULD NOT delay
           retransmission for this single packet.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.15.3.  Solution Description

       The new text explicitly specifies that only the first packet in the
       Fast Recovery phase be sent and that the cwnd limitations be
       disregarded.

    3.16.  Initial Value of ssthresh

    3.16.1.  Description of the Problem

       The initial value of ssthresh should be set arbitrarily high.  Using
       the advertised receiver window of the peer is inappropriate if the
       peer increases its window after the handshake.  Furthermore, a higher
       requirement level needs to be used, since not following the advice
       may result in performance problems.

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    3.16.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial value of ssthresh MAY be arbitrarily high (for
          example, implementations MAY use the size of the receiver
          advertised window).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial value of ssthresh SHOULD be arbitrarily high (e.g.,
          the size of the largest possible advertised window).

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.16.3.  Solution Description

       The same value as the value suggested in [RFC5681], Section 3.1, is
       now used as an appropriate initial value.  Also, the same requirement
       level is used.

    3.17.  Automatically CONFIRMED Addresses

    3.17.1.  Description of the Problem

       The Path Verification procedure of [RFC4960] prescribes that any
       address passed to the sender of the INIT by its upper layer be
       automatically CONFIRMED.  This, however, is unclear if (1) only
       addresses in the request to initiate association establishment or
       (2) any addresses provided by the upper layer in any requests (e.g.,
       in 'Set Primary') are considered.

    3.17.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.4)
       ---------

       1)  Any address passed to the sender of the INIT by its upper layer
          is automatically considered to be CONFIRMED.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.4)
       ---------

       1)  Any addresses passed to the sender of the INIT by its upper layer
           in the request to initialize an association are automatically
           considered to be CONFIRMED.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.17.3.  Solution Description

       The new text clarifies that only addresses provided by the upper
       layer in the request to initialize an association are automatically
       CONFIRMED.

    3.18.  Only One Packet after Retransmission Timeout

    3.18.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] is not completely clear when it describes data transmission
       after T3-rtx timer expiration.  Section 7.2.1 of [RFC4960] does not
       specify how many packets are allowed to be sent after T3-rtx timer
       expiration if more than one packet fits into cwnd.  At the same time,
       Section 7.2.3 of [RFC4960] has text without normative language saying
       that SCTP should ensure that no more than one packet will be in
       flight after T3-rtx timer expiration until successful
       acknowledgement.  The text is therefore inconsistent.

    3.18.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial cwnd after a retransmission timeout MUST be no more
          than 1*MTU.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial cwnd after a retransmission timeout MUST be no more
          than 1*MTU, and only one packet is allowed to be in flight until
          successful acknowledgement.

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       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.18.3.  Solution Description

       The new text clearly specifies that only one packet is allowed to be
       sent after T3-rtx timer expiration until successful acknowledgement.

    3.19.  INIT ACK Path for INIT in COOKIE-WAIT State

    3.19.1.  Description of the Problem

       In the case of an INIT received in the COOKIE-WAIT state, [RFC4960]
       prescribes that an INIT ACK be sent to the same destination address
       to which the original INIT has been sent.  [RFC4960] does not address
       the possibility of the upper layer providing multiple remote IP
       addresses while requesting the association establishment.  If the
       upper layer has provided multiple IP addresses and only a subset of
       these addresses are supported by the peer, then the destination
       address of the original INIT may be absent in the incoming INIT and
       sending an INIT ACK to that address is useless.

    3.19.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.2.1)
       ---------

       Upon receipt of an INIT in the COOKIE-WAIT state, an endpoint MUST
       respond with an INIT ACK using the same parameters it sent in its
       original INIT chunk (including its Initiate Tag, unchanged).  When
       responding, the endpoint MUST send the INIT ACK back to the same
       address that the original INIT (sent by this endpoint) was sent.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.2.1)
       ---------

       Upon receipt of an INIT in the COOKIE-WAIT state, an endpoint MUST
       respond with an INIT ACK using the same parameters it sent in its
       original INIT chunk (including its Initiate Tag, unchanged).  When
       responding, the following rules MUST be applied:

       1)  The INIT ACK MUST only be sent to an address passed by the upper
           layer in the request to initialize the association.

       2)  The INIT ACK MUST only be sent to an address reported in the
           incoming INIT.

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       3)  The INIT ACK SHOULD be sent to the source address of the received
           INIT.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.19.3.  Solution Description

       The new text requires sending an INIT ACK to a destination address
       that is passed by the upper layer and reported in the incoming INIT.
       If the source address of the INIT meets these conditions, sending the
       INIT ACK to the source address of the INIT is the preferred behavior.

    3.20.  Zero Window Probing and Unreachable Primary Path

    3.20.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 6.1 of [RFC4960] states that when sending zero window probes,
       SCTP should neither increment the association counter nor increment
       the destination address error counter if it continues to receive new
       packets from the peer.  However, the reception of new packets from
       the peer does not guarantee the peer's reachability, and if the
       destination address becomes unreachable during zero window probing,
       SCTP cannot get an updated rwnd until it switches the destination
       address for probes.

    3.20.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1 A))
       ---------

       If the sender continues to receive new packets from the receiver
       while doing zero window probing, the unacknowledged window probes
       should not increment the error counter for the association or any
       destination transport address.  This is because the receiver MAY keep
       its window closed for an indefinite time.  Refer to Section 6.2 on
       the receiver behavior when it advertises a zero window.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1 A))
       ---------

       If the sender continues to receive SACKs from the peer while doing
       zero window probing, the unacknowledged window probes SHOULD NOT
       increment the error counter for the association or any destination

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       transport address.  This is because the receiver could keep its
       window closed for an indefinite time.  Section 6.2 describes the
       receiver behavior when it advertises a zero window.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.20.3.  Solution Description

       The new text clarifies that if the receiver continues to send SACKs,
       the sender of probes should not increment the error counter of the
       association and the destination address even if the SACKs do not
       acknowledge the probes.

    3.21.  Normative Language in Section 10 of RFC 4960

    3.21.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 10 of [RFC4960] is informative.  Therefore, normative
       language such as MUST and MAY cannot be used there.  However, there
       are several places in Section 10 of [RFC4960] where MUST and MAY
       are used.

    3.21.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 E))
       ---------

       o  no-bundle flag - instructs SCTP not to bundle this user data with
          other outbound DATA chunks.  SCTP MAY still bundle even when this
          flag is present, when faced with network congestion.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 E))
       ---------

       o  no-bundle flag - instructs SCTP not to bundle this user data with
          other outbound DATA chunks.  When faced with network congestion,
          SCTP may still bundle the data, even when this flag is present.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 G))
       ---------

       o  Stream Sequence Number - the Stream Sequence Number assigned by
          the sending SCTP peer.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          Receive contains a partial delivery of the whole message.  When
          this flag is set, the stream id and Stream Sequence Number MUST
          accompany this receive.  When this flag is set to 0, it indicates
          that no more deliveries will be received for this Stream Sequence
          Number.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 G))
       ---------

       o  stream sequence number - the Stream Sequence Number assigned by
          the sending SCTP peer.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          primitive contains a partial delivery of the whole message.  When
          this flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number must
          accompany this primitive.  When this flag is set to 0, it
          indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this stream
          sequence number.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 N))
       ---------

       o  Stream Sequence Number - this value is returned indicating the
          Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          message is a partial delivery of the whole message.  When this
          flag is set, the stream id and Stream Sequence Number MUST
          accompany this receive.  When this flag is set to 0, it indicates
          that no more deliveries will be received for this Stream Sequence
          Number.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 N))
       ---------

       o  stream sequence number - this value is returned indicating the
          Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          message is a partial delivery of the whole message.  When this
          flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number must
          accompany this primitive.  When this flag is set to 0, it
          indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this stream
          sequence number.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 O))
       ---------

       o  Stream Sequence Number - this value is returned indicating the
          Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          message is a partial delivery of the whole message.  When this
          flag is set, the stream id and Stream Sequence Number MUST
          accompany this receive.  When this flag is set to 0, it indicates
          that no more deliveries will be received for this Stream Sequence
          Number.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 O))
       ---------

       o  stream sequence number - this value is returned indicating the
          Stream Sequence Number that was associated with the message.

       o  partial flag - if this returned flag is set to 1, then this
          message is a partial delivery of the whole message.  When this
          flag is set, the stream id and stream sequence number must
          accompany this primitive.  When this flag is set to 0, it
          indicates that no more deliveries will be received for this stream
          sequence number.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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    3.21.3.  Solution Description

       The normative language is removed from Section 10.  In addition, the
       consistency of the text has been improved.

    3.22.  Increase of partial_bytes_acked in Congestion Avoidance

    3.22.1.  Description of the Problem

       Two issues have been discovered in the text in Section 7.2.2 of
       [RFC4960] regarding partial_bytes_acked handling:

       o  If the Cumulative TSN Ack Point is not advanced but the SACK chunk
          acknowledges new TSNs in the Gap Ack Blocks, these newly
          acknowledged TSNs are not considered for partial_bytes_acked even
          though these TSNs were successfully received by the peer.

       o  Duplicate TSNs are not considered in partial_bytes_acked even
          though they confirm that the DATA chunks were successfully
          received by the peer.

    3.22.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than ssthresh, upon each SACK arrival
          that advances the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, increase
          partial_bytes_acked by the total number of bytes of all new chunks
          acknowledged in that SACK including chunks acknowledged by the new
          Cumulative TSN Ack and by Gap Ack Blocks.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than ssthresh, upon each SACK arrival,
          increase partial_bytes_acked by the total number of bytes of all
          new chunks acknowledged in that SACK, including chunks
          acknowledged by the new Cumulative TSN Ack, by Gap Ack Blocks,
          and by the number of bytes of duplicated chunks reported in
          Duplicate TSNs.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.26.

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    3.22.3.  Solution Description

       In the new text, partial_bytes_acked is increased by TSNs reported as
       duplicated, as well as TSNs newly acknowledged in Gap Ack Blocks,
       even if the Cumulative TSN Ack Point is not advanced.

    3.23.  Inconsistent Handling of Notifications

    3.23.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] uses inconsistent normative and non-normative language when
       describing rules for sending notifications to the upper layer.  For
       example, Section 8.2 of [RFC4960] says that when a destination
       address becomes inactive due to an unacknowledged DATA chunk or
       HEARTBEAT chunk, SCTP SHOULD send a notification to the upper layer;
       however, Section 8.3 of [RFC4960] says that when a destination
       address becomes inactive due to an unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunk,
       SCTP may send a notification to the upper layer.

       These inconsistent descriptions need to be corrected.

    3.23.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       An endpoint shall keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
       retransmissions to its peer (this includes retransmissions to all the
       destination transport addresses of the peer if it is multi-homed),
       including unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.1)
       ---------

       An endpoint SHOULD keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
       retransmissions to its peer (this includes data retransmissions to
       all the destination transport addresses of the peer if it is
       multi-homed), including the number of unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks
       observed on the path that is currently used for data transfer.
       Unacknowledged HEARTBEAT chunks observed on paths different from the
       path currently used for data transfer SHOULD NOT increment the
       association error counter, as this could lead to association closure
       even if the path that is currently used for data transfer is
       available (but idle).  If the value of this counter exceeds the limit
       indicated in the protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans', the
       endpoint SHOULD consider the peer endpoint unreachable and SHALL stop

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       transmitting any more data to it (and thus the association enters the
       CLOSED state).  In addition, the endpoint SHOULD report the failure
       to the upper layer and optionally report back all outstanding user
       data remaining in its outbound queue.  The association is
       automatically closed when the peer endpoint becomes unreachable.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.6.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.2)
       ---------

       When an outstanding TSN is acknowledged or a HEARTBEAT sent to that
       address is acknowledged with a HEARTBEAT ACK, the endpoint shall
       clear the error counter of the destination transport address to which
       the DATA chunk was last sent (or HEARTBEAT was sent).  When the peer
       endpoint is multi-homed and the last chunk sent to it was a
       retransmission to an alternate address, there exists an ambiguity as
       to whether or not the acknowledgement should be credited to the
       address of the last chunk sent.  However, this ambiguity does not
       seem to bear any significant consequence to SCTP behavior.  If this
       ambiguity is undesirable, the transmitter may choose not to clear the
       error counter if the last chunk sent was a retransmission.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.2)
       ---------

       When an outstanding TSN is acknowledged or a HEARTBEAT sent to that
       address is acknowledged with a HEARTBEAT ACK, the endpoint SHOULD
       clear the error counter of the destination transport address to which
       the DATA chunk was last sent (or HEARTBEAT was sent) and SHOULD also
       report to the upper layer when an inactive destination address is
       marked as active.  When the peer endpoint is multi-homed and the last
       chunk sent to it was a retransmission to an alternate address, there
       exists an ambiguity as to whether or not the acknowledgement could be
       credited to the address of the last chunk sent.  However, this
       ambiguity does not seem to have significant consequences for SCTP
       behavior.  If this ambiguity is undesirable, the transmitter MAY
       choose not to clear the error counter if the last chunk sent was a
       retransmission.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       When the value of this counter reaches the protocol parameter
       'Path.Max.Retrans', the endpoint should mark the corresponding
       destination address as inactive if it is not so marked, and may also
       optionally report to the upper layer the change of reachability of
       this destination address.  After this, the endpoint should continue
       HEARTBEAT on this destination address but should stop increasing the
       counter.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       When the value of this counter exceeds the protocol parameter
       'Path.Max.Retrans', the endpoint SHOULD mark the corresponding
       destination address as inactive if it is not so marked and SHOULD
       also report to the upper layer the change in reachability of this
       destination address.  After this, the endpoint SHOULD continue
       HEARTBEAT on this destination address but SHOULD stop increasing the
       counter.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.1.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       Upon the receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK, the sender of the HEARTBEAT
       should clear the error counter of the destination transport address
       to which the HEARTBEAT was sent, and mark the destination transport
       address as active if it is not so marked.  The endpoint may
       optionally report to the upper layer when an inactive destination
       address is marked as active due to the reception of the latest
       HEARTBEAT ACK.  The receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK must also clear the
       association overall error count as well (as defined in Section 8.1).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 8.3)
       ---------

       Upon the receipt of the HEARTBEAT ACK, the sender of the HEARTBEAT
       SHOULD clear the error counter of the destination transport address
       to which the HEARTBEAT was sent and mark the destination transport

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       address as active if it is not so marked.  The endpoint SHOULD report
       to the upper layer when an inactive destination address is marked as
       active due to the reception of the latest HEARTBEAT ACK.  The
       receiver of the HEARTBEAT ACK SHOULD also clear the association
       overall error count (as defined in Section 8.1).

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.13.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       An endpoint should limit the number of retransmissions of the
       SHUTDOWN chunk to the protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans'.
       If this threshold is exceeded, the endpoint should destroy the TCB
       and MUST report the peer endpoint unreachable to the upper layer (and
       thus the association enters the CLOSED state).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       An endpoint SHOULD limit the number of retransmissions of the
       SHUTDOWN chunk to the protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans'.
       If this threshold is exceeded, the endpoint SHOULD destroy the TCB
       and SHOULD report the peer endpoint unreachable to the upper layer
       (and thus the association enters the CLOSED state).

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       The sender of the SHUTDOWN ACK should limit the number of
       retransmissions of the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk to the protocol parameter
       'Association.Max.Retrans'.  If this threshold is exceeded, the
       endpoint should destroy the TCB and may report the peer endpoint
       unreachable to the upper layer (and thus the association enters the
       CLOSED state).

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 9.2)
       ---------

       The sender of the SHUTDOWN ACK SHOULD limit the number of
       retransmissions of the SHUTDOWN ACK chunk to the protocol parameter
       'Association.Max.Retrans'.  If this threshold is exceeded, the
       endpoint SHOULD destroy the TCB and SHOULD report the peer endpoint
       unreachable to the upper layer (and thus the association enters the
       CLOSED state).

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.23.3.  Solution Description

       The inconsistencies are removed by consistently using SHOULD.

    3.24.  SACK.Delay Not Listed as a Protocol Parameter

    3.24.1.  Description of the Problem

       SCTP as specified in [RFC4960] supports delaying SACKs.  The timer
       value for this is a parameter, and Section 6.2 of [RFC4960] specifies
       a default and maximum value for it.  However, (1) defining a name for
       this parameter and (2) listing it in the table of protocol parameters
       in Section 15 of [RFC4960] are missing.

       This issue was reported as an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 4656.

    3.24.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       An implementation MUST NOT allow the maximum delay to be configured
       to be more than 500 ms.  In other words, an implementation MAY lower
       this value below 500 ms but MUST NOT raise it above 500 ms.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       An implementation MUST NOT allow the maximum delay (protocol
       parameter 'SACK.Delay') to be configured to be more than 500 ms.  In
       other words, an implementation MAY lower the value of SACK.Delay
       below 500 ms but MUST NOT raise it above 500 ms.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 15)
       ---------

       The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:

          RTO.Initial - 3 seconds
          RTO.Min - 1 second
          RTO.Max - 60 seconds
          Max.Burst - 4
          RTO.Alpha - 1/8
          RTO.Beta - 1/4
          Valid.Cookie.Life - 60 seconds
          Association.Max.Retrans - 10 attempts
          Path.Max.Retrans - 5 attempts (per destination address)
          Max.Init.Retransmits - 8 attempts
          HB.interval - 30 seconds
          HB.Max.Burst - 1

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 15)
       ---------

       The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:

          RTO.Initial: 3 seconds
          RTO.Min: 1 second
          RTO.Max: 60 seconds
          Max.Burst: 4
          RTO.Alpha: 1/8
          RTO.Beta: 1/4
          Valid.Cookie.Life: 60 seconds
          Association.Max.Retrans: 10 attempts
          Path.Max.Retrans: 5 attempts (per destination address)
          Max.Init.Retransmits: 8 attempts
          HB.interval: 30 seconds
          HB.Max.Burst: 1
          SACK.Delay: 200 milliseconds

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.32.

    3.24.3.  Solution Description

       The parameter is given the name 'SACK.Delay' and added to the list of
       protocol parameters.

    3.25.  Processing of Chunks in an Incoming SCTP Packet

    3.25.1.  Description of the Problem

       There are a few places in [RFC4960] where text specifies that the
       receiver of a packet must discard it while processing the chunks of
       the packet.  Whether or not the receiver has to roll back state
       changes already performed while processing the packet is unclear.

       The intention of [RFC4960] is to process an incoming packet chunk by
       chunk and not to perform any prescreening of chunks in the received
       packet.  Thus, by discarding one chunk, the receiver also causes the
       discarding of all further chunks.

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    3.25.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.2)
       ---------

       00 -  Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not
             process any further chunks within it.

       01 -  Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not
             process any further chunks within it, and report the
             unrecognized chunk in an 'Unrecognized Chunk Type'.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.2)
       ---------

       00 -  Stop processing this SCTP packet; discard the unrecognized
             chunk and all further chunks.

       01 -  Stop processing this SCTP packet, discard the unrecognized
             chunk and all further chunks, and report the unrecognized
             chunk in an 'Unrecognized Chunk Type'.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 11.3)
       ---------

       It is helpful for some firewalls if they can inspect just the first
       fragment of a fragmented SCTP packet and unambiguously determine
       whether it corresponds to an INIT chunk (for further information,
       please refer to [RFC1858]).  Accordingly, we stress the requirements,
       stated in Section 3.1, that (1) an INIT chunk MUST NOT be bundled
       with any other chunk in a packet, and (2) a packet containing an INIT
       chunk MUST have a zero Verification Tag.  Furthermore, we require
       that the receiver of an INIT chunk MUST enforce these rules by
       silently discarding an arriving packet with an INIT chunk that is
       bundled with other chunks or has a non-zero verification tag and
       contains an INIT-chunk.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 11.3)
       ---------

       It is helpful for some firewalls if they can inspect just the first
       fragment of a fragmented SCTP packet and unambiguously determine
       whether it corresponds to an INIT chunk (for further information,
       please refer to [RFC1858]).  Accordingly, we stress the requirements,
       as stated in Section 3.1, that (1) an INIT chunk MUST NOT be bundled
       with any other chunk in a packet and (2) a packet containing an INIT
       chunk MUST have a zero Verification Tag.  The receiver of an INIT
       chunk MUST silently discard the INIT chunk and all further chunks if
       the INIT chunk is bundled with other chunks or the packet has a
       non-zero Verification Tag.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.25.3.  Solution Description

       The new text makes it clear that chunks can be processed from the
       beginning to the end and that no rollback or prescreening is
       required.

    3.26.  Increasing the cwnd in the Congestion Avoidance Phase

    3.26.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 7.2.2 of [RFC4960] prescribes that cwnd be increased by 1*MTU
       per RTT if the sender has cwnd or more bytes of data outstanding to
       the corresponding address in the congestion avoidance phase.
       However, this is described without normative language.  Moreover,
       Section 7.2.2 of [RFC4960] includes an algorithm that specifies how
       an implementation can achieve this, but this algorithm is
       underspecified and actually allows increasing cwnd by more than 1*MTU
       per RTT.

    3.26.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       When cwnd is greater than ssthresh, cwnd should be incremented by
       1*MTU per RTT if the sender has cwnd or more bytes of data
       outstanding for the corresponding transport address.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       When cwnd is greater than ssthresh, cwnd SHOULD be incremented by
       1*MTU per RTT if the sender has cwnd or more bytes of data
       outstanding for the corresponding transport address.  The basic
       guidelines for incrementing cwnd during congestion avoidance are as
       follows:

       o  SCTP MAY increment cwnd by 1*MTU.

       o  SCTP SHOULD increment cwnd by 1*MTU once per RTT when the sender
          has cwnd or more bytes of data outstanding for the corresponding
          transport address.

       o  SCTP MUST NOT increment cwnd by more than 1*MTU per RTT.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than ssthresh, upon each SACK arrival
          that advances the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, increase
          partial_bytes_acked by the total number of bytes of all new chunks
          acknowledged in that SACK including chunks acknowledged by the new
          Cumulative TSN Ack and by Gap Ack Blocks.

       o  When partial_bytes_acked is equal to or greater than cwnd and
          before the arrival of the SACK the sender had cwnd or more bytes
          of data outstanding (i.e., before arrival of the SACK, flightsize
          was greater than or equal to cwnd), increase cwnd by MTU, and
          reset partial_bytes_acked to (partial_bytes_acked - cwnd).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.2)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than ssthresh, upon each SACK arrival,
          increase partial_bytes_acked by the total number of bytes of all
          new chunks acknowledged in that SACK, including chunks
          acknowledged by the new Cumulative TSN Ack, by Gap Ack Blocks,
          and by the number of bytes of duplicated chunks reported in
          Duplicate TSNs.

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       o  (1) when partial_bytes_acked is greater than cwnd and (2) before
          the arrival of the SACK the sender had less than cwnd bytes of
          data outstanding (i.e., before the arrival of the SACK, flightsize
          was less than cwnd), reset partial_bytes_acked to cwnd.

       o  (1) when partial_bytes_acked is equal to or greater than cwnd and
          (2) before the arrival of the SACK the sender had cwnd or more
          bytes of data outstanding (i.e., before the arrival of the SACK,
          flightsize was greater than or equal to cwnd), partial_bytes_acked
          is reset to (partial_bytes_acked - cwnd).  Next, cwnd is increased
          by 1*MTU.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Sections 3.12 and 3.22.  It is in final form and
       is not further updated in this document.

    3.26.3.  Solution Description

       The basic guidelines for incrementing cwnd during the congestion
       avoidance phase are added into Section 7.2.2.  The guidelines include
       the normative language and are aligned with [RFC5681].

       The algorithm from Section 7.2.2 is improved and now does not allow
       increasing cwnd by more than 1*MTU per RTT.

    3.27.  Refresh of cwnd and ssthresh after Idle Period

    3.27.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] prescribes that cwnd per RTO be adjusted if the endpoint
       does not transmit data on a given transport address.  In addition to
       that, it prescribes that cwnd be set to the initial value after a
       sufficiently long idle period.  The latter is excessive.  Moreover,
       what is considered a sufficiently long idle period is unclear.

       [RFC4960] doesn't specify the handling of ssthresh in the idle case.
       If ssthresh is reduced due to packet loss, ssthresh is never
       recovered.  So, traffic can end up in congestion avoidance all the
       time, resulting in a low sending rate and bad performance.  The
       problem is even more serious for SCTP: in a multi-homed SCTP
       association, traffic that switches back to the previously failed
       primary path will also lead to the situation where traffic ends up in
       congestion avoidance.

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    3.27.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial cwnd before DATA transmission or after a sufficiently
          long idle period MUST be set to min(4*MTU, max (2*MTU, 4380
          bytes)).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  The initial cwnd before data transmission MUST be set to
          min(4*MTU, max (2*MTU, 4380 bytes)).

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  When the endpoint does not transmit data on a given transport
          address, the cwnd of the transport address should be adjusted to
          max(cwnd/2, 4*MTU) per RTO.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  While the endpoint does not transmit data on a given transport
          address, the cwnd of the transport address SHOULD be adjusted to
          max(cwnd/2, 4*MTU) once per RTO.  Before the first cwnd
          adjustment, the ssthresh of the transport address SHOULD be set to
          the cwnd.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.27.3.  Solution Description

       A rule about cwnd adjustment after a sufficiently long idle period is
       removed.

       The text is updated to describe the handling of ssthresh.  When the
       idle period is detected, the cwnd value is copied to ssthresh.

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    3.28.  Window Updates after Receiver Window Opens Up

    3.28.1.  Description of the Problem

       The sending of SACK chunks for window updates is only indirectly
       referenced in Section 6.2 of [RFC4960], which states that an SCTP
       receiver must not generate more than one SACK for every incoming
       packet, other than to update the offered window.

       However, to avoid performance problems, it is necessary to send the
       window updates when the receiver window opens up.

    3.28.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       An SCTP receiver MUST NOT generate more than one SACK for every
       incoming packet, other than to update the offered window as the
       receiving application consumes new data.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       An SCTP receiver MUST NOT generate more than one SACK for every
       incoming packet, other than to update the offered window as the
       receiving application consumes new data.  When the window opens up,
       an SCTP receiver SHOULD send additional SACK chunks to update the
       window even if no new data is received.  The receiver MUST avoid
       sending a large number of window updates -- in particular, large
       bursts of them.  One way to achieve this is to send a window update
       only if the window can be increased by at least a quarter of the
       receive buffer size of the association.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.28.3.  Solution Description

       The new text makes it clear that additional SACK chunks for window
       updates should be sent as long as excessive bursts are avoided.

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    3.29.  Path of DATA and Reply Chunks

    3.29.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 6.4 of [RFC4960] describes the transmission policy for
       multi-homed SCTP endpoints.  However, this policy has the following
       issues:

       o  It states that a SACK should be sent to the source address of an
          incoming DATA.  However, it is known that other SACK policies
          (e.g., always sending SACKs to the primary path) may be more
          beneficial in some situations.

       o  Also, it initially states that an endpoint should always transmit
          DATA chunks to the primary path but then states that the rule for
          the transmittal of reply chunks should also be followed if the
          endpoint is bundling DATA chunks together with the reply chunk.
          The second statement contradicts the first statement.  Some
          implementations were having problems with it and sent DATA chunks
          bundled with reply chunks to a different destination address than
          the primary path, causing many gaps.

    3.29.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.4)
       ---------

       An endpoint SHOULD transmit reply chunks (e.g., SACK, HEARTBEAT ACK,
       etc.) to the same destination transport address from which it
       received the DATA or control chunk to which it is replying.  This
       rule should also be followed if the endpoint is bundling DATA chunks
       together with the reply chunk.

       However, when acknowledging multiple DATA chunks received in packets
       from different source addresses in a single SACK, the SACK chunk may
       be transmitted to one of the destination transport addresses from
       which the DATA or control chunks being acknowledged were received.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.4)
       ---------

       An endpoint SHOULD transmit reply chunks (e.g., INIT ACK, COOKIE ACK,
       HEARTBEAT ACK) in response to control chunks to the same destination
       transport address from which it received the control chunk to which
       it is replying.

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       The selection of the destination transport address for packets
       containing SACK chunks is implementation dependent.  However, an
       endpoint SHOULD NOT vary the destination transport address of a SACK
       when it receives DATA chunks coming from the same source address.

       When acknowledging multiple DATA chunks received in packets from
       different source addresses in a single SACK, the SACK chunk MAY be
       transmitted to one of the destination transport addresses from which
       the DATA or control chunks being acknowledged were received.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.29.3.  Solution Description

       The SACK transmission policy is left implementation dependent, but
       the new text now specifies that the policy not vary the destination
       address of a packet containing a SACK chunk unless there are reasons
       for not doing so, as varying the destination address may negatively
       impact RTT measurement.

       New text removes a confusing statement that prescribes following the
       rule for transmittal of reply chunks when the endpoint is bundling
       DATA chunks together with the reply chunk.

    3.30.  "Outstanding Data", "Flightsize", and "Data in Flight" Key Terms

    3.30.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] uses the key terms "outstanding data", "flightsize", and
       "data in flight" in formulas and statements, but Section 1.3
       ("Key Terms") of [RFC4960] does not provide their definitions.
       Furthermore, outstanding data does not include DATA chunks that are
       classified as lost but that have not yet been retransmitted, and
       there is a paragraph in Section 6.1 of [RFC4960] where this statement
       is broken.

    3.30.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 1.3)
       ---------

       o  Congestion window (cwnd): An SCTP variable that limits the data,
          in number of bytes, a sender can send to a particular destination
          transport address before receiving an acknowledgement.

       ...

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       o  Outstanding TSN (at an SCTP endpoint): A TSN (and the associated
          DATA chunk) that has been sent by the endpoint but for which it
          has not yet received an acknowledgement.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 1.3)
       ---------

       o  Congestion window (cwnd): An SCTP variable that limits outstanding
          data, in number of bytes, that a sender can send to a particular
          destination transport address before receiving an acknowledgement.

       ...

       o  Flightsize: The amount of bytes of outstanding data to a
          particular destination transport address at any given time.

       ...

       o  Outstanding data (or "data outstanding" or "data in flight"): The
          total amount of the DATA chunks associated with outstanding TSNs.
          A retransmitted DATA chunk is counted once in outstanding data.  A
          DATA chunk that is classified as lost but that has not yet been
          retransmitted is not in outstanding data.

       o  Outstanding TSN (at an SCTP endpoint): A TSN (and the associated
          DATA chunk) that has been sent by the endpoint but for which it
          has not yet received an acknowledgement.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       C) When the time comes for the sender to transmit, before sending new
          DATA chunks, the sender MUST first transmit any outstanding DATA
          chunks that are marked for retransmission (limited by the current
          cwnd).

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       C) When the time comes for the sender to transmit, before sending new
          DATA chunks, the sender MUST first transmit any DATA chunks that
          are marked for retransmission (limited by the current cwnd).

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       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.30.3.  Solution Description

       Section 1.3 is corrected to include explanations of the key terms
       "outstanding data", "data in flight", and "flightsize".  Section 6.1
       is corrected to now use "any DATA chunks" instead of "any outstanding
       DATA chunks".

    3.31.  Degradation of cwnd due to Max.Burst

    3.31.1.  Description of the Problem

       Some implementations were experiencing a degradation of cwnd because
       of the Max.Burst limit.  This was due to misinterpretation of the
       suggestion in Section 6.1 of [RFC4960] regarding how to use the
       Max.Burst parameter when calculating the number of packets to
       transmit.

    3.31.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       D) When the time comes for the sender to transmit new DATA chunks,
          the protocol parameter Max.Burst SHOULD be used to limit the
          number of packets sent.  The limit MAY be applied by adjusting
          cwnd as follows:

          if((flightsize + Max.Burst*MTU) < cwnd) cwnd = flightsize +
          Max.Burst*MTU

          Or it MAY be applied by strictly limiting the number of packets
          emitted by the output routine.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       D) When the time comes for the sender to transmit new DATA chunks,
          the protocol parameter Max.Burst SHOULD be used to limit the
          number of packets sent.  The limit MAY be applied by adjusting
          cwnd temporarily, as follows:

          if ((flightsize + Max.Burst*MTU) < cwnd)
              cwnd = flightsize + Max.Burst*MTU

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          Or, it MAY be applied by strictly limiting the number of packets
          emitted by the output routine.  When calculating the number of
          packets to transmit, and particularly when using the formula
          above, cwnd SHOULD NOT be changed permanently.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.31.3.  Solution Description

       The new text clarifies that cwnd should not be changed when applying
       the Max.Burst limit.  This mitigates packet bursts related to the
       reception of SACK chunks but not bursts related to an application
       sending a burst of user messages.

    3.32.  Reduction of RTO.Initial

    3.32.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] uses 3 seconds as the default value for RTO.Initial in
       accordance with Section 4.2.3.1 of [RFC1122].  [RFC6298] updates
       [RFC1122] and lowers the initial value of the retransmission timer
       from 3 seconds to 1 second.

    3.32.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 15)
       ---------

       The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:

          RTO.Initial - 3 seconds
          RTO.Min - 1 second
          RTO.Max - 60 seconds
          Max.Burst - 4
          RTO.Alpha - 1/8
          RTO.Beta - 1/4
          Valid.Cookie.Life - 60 seconds
          Association.Max.Retrans - 10 attempts
          Path.Max.Retrans - 5 attempts (per destination address)
          Max.Init.Retransmits - 8 attempts
          HB.interval - 30 seconds
          HB.Max.Burst - 1

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 15)
       ---------

       The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:

          RTO.Initial: 1 second
          RTO.Min: 1 second
          RTO.Max: 60 seconds
          Max.Burst: 4
          RTO.Alpha: 1/8
          RTO.Beta: 1/4
          Valid.Cookie.Life: 60 seconds
          Association.Max.Retrans: 10 attempts
          Path.Max.Retrans: 5 attempts (per destination address)
          Max.Init.Retransmits: 8 attempts
          HB.interval: 30 seconds
          HB.Max.Burst: 1
          SACK.Delay: 200 milliseconds

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.24.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

    3.32.3.  Solution Description

       The default value for RTO.Initial has been lowered to 1 second to be
       in tune with [RFC6298].

    3.33.  Ordering of Bundled SACK and ERROR Chunks

    3.33.1.  Description of the Problem

       When an SCTP endpoint receives a DATA chunk with an invalid stream
       identifier, it shall acknowledge it by sending a SACK chunk and
       indicate that the stream identifier was invalid by sending an ERROR
       chunk.  These two chunks may be bundled.  However, in the case of
       bundling, [RFC4960] requires that the ERROR chunk follow the SACK
       chunk.  This restriction regarding the ordering of the chunks is not
       necessary and might limit interoperability.

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    3.33.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.5)
       ---------

       Every DATA chunk MUST carry a valid stream identifier.  If an
       endpoint receives a DATA chunk with an invalid stream identifier, it
       shall acknowledge the reception of the DATA chunk following the
       normal procedure, immediately send an ERROR chunk with cause set to
       "Invalid Stream Identifier" (see Section 3.3.10), and discard the
       DATA chunk.  The endpoint may bundle the ERROR chunk in the same
       packet as the SACK as long as the ERROR follows the SACK.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.5)
       ---------

       Every DATA chunk MUST carry a valid stream identifier.  If an
       endpoint receives a DATA chunk with an invalid stream identifier, it
       SHOULD acknowledge the reception of the DATA chunk following the
       normal procedure, immediately send an ERROR chunk with cause set to
       "Invalid Stream Identifier" (see Section 3.3.10), and discard the
       DATA chunk.  The endpoint MAY bundle the ERROR chunk and the SACK
       chunk in the same packet.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.33.3.  Solution Description

       The unnecessary restriction regarding the ordering of the SACK and
       ERROR chunks has been removed.

    3.34.  Undefined Parameter Returned by RECEIVE Primitive

    3.34.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] provides a description of an abstract API.  In the
       definition of the RECEIVE primitive, an optional parameter with name
       "delivery number" is mentioned.  However, no definition of this
       parameter is given in [RFC4960], and the parameter is unnecessary.

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    3.34.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 G))
       ---------

       G) Receive

       Format: RECEIVE(association id, buffer address, buffer size
               [,stream id])
       -> byte count [,transport address] [,stream id] [,stream sequence
          number] [,partial flag] [,delivery number] [,payload protocol-id]

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 G))
       ---------

       G) Receive

       Format: RECEIVE(association id, buffer address, buffer size
               [,stream id])
       -> byte count [,transport address] [,stream id] [,stream sequence
          number] [,partial flag] [,payload protocol-id]

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.34.3.  Solution Description

       The undefined parameter has been removed.

    3.35.  DSCP Changes

    3.35.1.  Description of the Problem

       The upper layer can change the Differentiated Services Code Point
       (DSCP) used for packets being sent.  Changing the DSCP can result in
       packets hitting different queues on the path.  Therefore, congestion
       control should be initialized when the DSCP is changed by the upper
       layer.  This is not described in [RFC4960].

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    3.35.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.5)
       ---------

       7.2.5.  Making Changes to Differentiated Services Code Points

          SCTP implementations MAY allow an application to configure the
          Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) used for sending
          packets.  If a DSCP change might result in outgoing packets being
          queued in different queues, the congestion control parameters for
          all affected destination addresses MUST be reset to their initial
          values.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 M))
       ---------

       Mandatory attributes:

       o  association id - local handle to the SCTP association.

       o  protocol parameter list - the specific names and values of the
          protocol parameters (e.g., Association.Max.Retrans; see
          Section 15) that the SCTP user wishes to customize.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 M))
       ---------

       Mandatory attributes:

       o  association id - local handle to the SCTP association.

       o  protocol parameter list - the specific names and values of the
          protocol parameters (e.g., Association.Max.Retrans (see
          Section 15), or other parameters like the DSCP) that the SCTP user
          wishes to customize.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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    3.35.3.  Solution Description

       Text describing the required action for DSCP changes has been added.

    3.36.  Inconsistent Handling of ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages

    3.36.1.  Description of the Problem

       Appendix C of [RFC4960] describes the handling of ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
       messages.  The handling of ICMP messages indicating that the port
       number is unreachable, as described in the enumerated procedures, is
       not consistent with the description given in [RFC4960] after the
       procedures.  Furthermore, the text explicitly describes the handling
       of ICMPv6 packets indicating reachability problems but does not do
       the same for the corresponding ICMPv4 packets.

    3.36.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP3) An implementation MAY ignore any ICMPv4 messages where the
              code does not indicate "Protocol Unreachable" or
              "Fragmentation Needed".

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP3) An implementation SHOULD ignore any ICMP messages where the
              code indicates "Port Unreachable".

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP9) If the ICMPv6 code is "Destination Unreachable", the
              implementation MAY mark the destination into the unreachable
              state or alternatively increment the path error counter.

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       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP9) If the ICMP type is "Destination Unreachable", the
              implementation MAY move the destination to the unreachable
              state or, alternatively, increment the path error counter.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It is further
       updated in Section 3.37.

    3.36.3.  Solution Description

       The text has been changed to describe the intended handling of ICMP
       messages indicating that the port number is unreachable by replacing
       the third rule.  Also, the limitation to ICMPv6 in the ninth rule has
       been removed.

    3.37.  Handling of Soft Errors

    3.37.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC1122] defines the handling of soft errors and hard errors for
       TCP.  Appendix C of [RFC4960] only deals with hard errors.

    3.37.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP9) If the ICMPv6 code is "Destination Unreachable", the
              implementation MAY mark the destination into the unreachable
              state or alternatively increment the path error counter.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       ICMP9) If the ICMP type is "Destination Unreachable", the
              implementation MAY move the destination to the unreachable
              state or, alternatively, increment the path error counter.
              SCTP MAY provide information to the upper layer indicating
              the reception of ICMP messages when reporting a network status
              change.

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       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.36.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

    3.37.3.  Solution Description

       Text has been added allowing SCTP to notify the application in the
       case of soft errors.

    3.38.  Honoring cwnd

    3.38.1.  Description of the Problem

       When using the slow start algorithm, SCTP increases the congestion
       window only when it is being fully utilized.  Since SCTP uses DATA
       chunks and does not use the congestion window to fragment user
       messages, this requires that some overbooking of the congestion
       window be allowed.

    3.38.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       B) At any given time, the sender MUST NOT transmit new data to a
          given transport address if it has cwnd or more bytes of data
          outstanding to that transport address.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       B) At any given time, the sender MUST NOT transmit new data to a
          given transport address if it has cwnd + (PMTU - 1) or more bytes
          of data outstanding to that transport address.  If data is
          available, the sender SHOULD exceed cwnd by up to (PMTU - 1) bytes
          on a new data transmission if the flightsize does not currently
          reach cwnd.  The breach of cwnd MUST constitute one packet only.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than zero, the endpoint is allowed to
          have cwnd bytes of data outstanding on that transport address.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.1)
       ---------

       o  Whenever cwnd is greater than zero, the endpoint is allowed to
          have cwnd bytes of data outstanding on that transport address.  A
          limited overbooking as described in Section 6.1 B) SHOULD be
          supported.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.38.3.  Solution Description

       Text was added to clarify how the cwnd limit should be handled.

    3.39.  Zero Window Probing

    3.39.1.  Description of the Problem

       The text in Section 6.1 of [RFC4960] that describes zero window
       probing does not clearly address the case where the window is not
       zero but is too small for the next DATA chunk to be transmitted.
       Even in this case, zero window probing has to be performed to avoid
       deadlocks.

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    3.39.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       A) At any given time, the data sender MUST NOT transmit new data to
          any destination transport address if its peer's rwnd indicates
          that the peer has no buffer space (i.e., rwnd is 0; see Section
          6.2.1).  However, regardless of the value of rwnd (including if it
          is 0), the data sender can always have one DATA chunk in flight to
          the receiver if allowed by cwnd (see rule B, below).  This rule
          allows the sender to probe for a change in rwnd that the sender
          missed due to the SACK's having been lost in transit from the data
          receiver to the data sender.

          When the receiver's advertised window is zero, this probe is
          called a zero window probe.  Note that a zero window probe SHOULD
          only be sent when all outstanding DATA chunks have been
          cumulatively acknowledged and no DATA chunks are in flight.  Zero
          window probing MUST be supported.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       A) At any given time, the data sender MUST NOT transmit new data to
          any destination transport address if its peer's rwnd indicates
          that the peer has no buffer space (i.e., rwnd is smaller than the
          size of the next DATA chunk; see Section 6.2.1).  However,
          regardless of the value of rwnd (including if it is 0), the data
          sender can always have one DATA chunk in flight to the receiver
          if allowed by cwnd (see rule B, below).  This rule allows the
          sender to probe for a change in rwnd that the sender missed
          due to the SACK's having been lost in transit from the data
          receiver to the data sender.

          When the receiver has no buffer space, this probe is called a
          zero window probe.  Note that a zero window probe SHOULD only be
          sent when all outstanding DATA chunks have been cumulatively
          acknowledged and no DATA chunks are in flight.  Zero window
          probing MUST be supported.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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    3.39.3.  Solution Description

       The terminology is used in a cleaner way.

    3.40.  Updating References regarding ECN

    3.40.1.  Description of the Problem

       For Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), [RFC4960] refers only to
       [RFC3168], which has been updated by [RFC8311].  This needs to be
       reflected in the text when referring to ECN.

    3.40.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       ECN [RFC3168] describes a proposed extension to IP that details a
       method to become aware of congestion outside of datagram loss.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       ECN as specified in [RFC3168] (updated by [RFC8311]) describes an
       extension to IP that details a method for becoming aware of
       congestion outside of datagram loss.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       In general, [RFC3168] should be followed with the following
       exceptions.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       In general, [RFC3168] (updated by [RFC8311]) SHOULD be followed, with
       the following exceptions.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] details negotiation of ECN during the SYN and SYN-ACK
       stages of a TCP connection.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] (updated by [RFC8311]) details the negotiation of ECN
       during the SYN and SYN-ACK stages of a TCP connection.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] details a specific bit for a receiver to send back in its
       TCP acknowledgements to notify the sender of the Congestion
       Experienced (CE) bit having arrived from the network.

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] (updated by [RFC8311]) details a specific bit for a
       receiver to send back in its TCP acknowledgements to notify the
       sender of the Congestion Experienced (CE) bit that the CE bit has
       arrived from the network.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] details a specific bit for a sender to send in the header
       of its next outbound TCP segment to indicate to its peer that it has
       reduced its congestion window.

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       ---------
       New text: (Appendix A)
       ---------

       [RFC3168] (updated by [RFC8311]) details a specific bit for a sender
       to send in the header of its next outbound TCP segment to indicate to
       its peer that it has reduced its congestion window.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.40.3.  Solution Description

       References to [RFC8311] have been added.  Some wordsmithing was also
       done while making those updates.

    3.41.  Host Name Address Parameter Deprecated

    3.41.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC4960] defines three types of address parameters to be used with
       INIT and INIT ACK chunks:

       1.  IPv4 Address parameters.

       2.  IPv6 Address parameters.

       3.  Host Name Address parameters.

       The first two parameter types are supported by the SCTP kernel
       implementations of FreeBSD, Linux, and Solaris, but the third is not.
       In addition, the first two were successfully tested in all nine
       interoperability tests for SCTP, but the third has never been
       successfully tested.  Therefore, the Host Name Address parameter
       should be deprecated.

    3.41.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.2)
       ---------

       Note 3: An INIT chunk MUST NOT contain more than one Host Name
       Address parameter.  Moreover, the sender of the INIT MUST NOT combine
       any other address types with the Host Name Address in the INIT.  The
       receiver of INIT MUST ignore any other address types if the Host Name
       Address parameter is present in the received INIT chunk.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.2)
       ---------

       Note 3: An INIT chunk MUST NOT contain the Host Name Address
       parameter.  The receiver of an INIT chunk containing a Host Name
       Address parameter MUST send an ABORT and MAY include an "Unresolvable
       Address" error cause.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.2.1)
       ---------

       The sender of INIT uses this parameter to pass its Host Name (in
       place of its IP addresses) to its peer.  The peer is responsible for
       resolving the name.  Using this parameter might make it more likely
       for the association to work across a NAT box.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.2.1)
       ---------

       The sender of an INIT chunk MUST NOT include this parameter.  The
       usage of the Host Name Address parameter is deprecated.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.2.1)
       ---------

       Address Type: 16 bits (unsigned integer)

          This is filled with the type value of the corresponding address
          TLV (e.g., IPv4 = 5, IPv6 = 6, Host name = 11).

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.2.1)
       ---------

       Address Type: 16 bits (unsigned integer)

          This is filled with the type value of the corresponding address
          TLV (e.g., IPv4 = 5, IPv6 = 6).  The value indicating the Host
          Name Address parameter (Host name = 11) MUST NOT be used.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.3)
       ---------

       Note 3: The INIT ACK chunks MUST NOT contain more than one Host Name
       Address parameter.  Moreover, the sender of the INIT ACK MUST NOT
       combine any other address types with the Host Name Address in the
       INIT ACK.  The receiver of the INIT ACK MUST ignore any other address
       types if the Host Name Address parameter is present.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.3)
       ---------

       Note 3: An INIT ACK chunk MUST NOT contain the Host Name Address
       parameter.  The receiver of INIT ACK chunks containing a Host Name
       Address parameter MUST send an ABORT and MAY include an "Unresolvable
       Address" error cause.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.1.2)
       ---------

       B) If there is a Host Name parameter present in the received INIT or
          INIT ACK chunk, the endpoint shall resolve that host name to a
          list of IP address(es) and derive the transport address(es) of
          this peer by combining the resolved IP address(es) with the SCTP
          source port.

          The endpoint MUST ignore any other IP Address parameters if they
          are also present in the received INIT or INIT ACK chunk.

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          The time at which the receiver of an INIT resolves the host name
          has potential security implications to SCTP.  If the receiver of
          an INIT resolves the host name upon the reception of the chunk,
          and the mechanism the receiver uses to resolve the host name
          involves potential long delay (e.g., DNS query), the receiver may
          open itself up to resource attacks for the period of time while it
          is waiting for the name resolution results before it can build the
          State Cookie and release local resources.

          Therefore, in cases where the name translation involves potential
          long delay, the receiver of the INIT MUST postpone the name
          resolution till the reception of the COOKIE ECHO chunk from the
          peer.  In such a case, the receiver of the INIT SHOULD build the
          State Cookie using the received Host Name (instead of destination
          transport addresses) and send the INIT ACK to the source IP
          address from which the INIT was received.

          The receiver of an INIT ACK shall always immediately attempt to
          resolve the name upon the reception of the chunk.

          The receiver of the INIT or INIT ACK MUST NOT send user data
          (piggy-backed or stand-alone) to its peer until the host name is
          successfully resolved.

          If the name resolution is not successful, the endpoint MUST
          immediately send an ABORT with "Unresolvable Address" error cause
          to its peer.  The ABORT shall be sent to the source IP address
          from which the last peer packet was received.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.1.2)
       ---------

       B) If there is a Host Name Address parameter present in the received
          INIT or INIT ACK chunk, the endpoint MUST immediately send an
          ABORT and MAY include an "Unresolvable Address" error cause
          to its peer.  The ABORT SHALL be sent to the source
          IP address from which the last peer packet was received.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       Old text: (Section 11.2.4.1)
       ---------

       The use of the host name feature in the INIT chunk could be used to
       flood a target DNS server.  A large backlog of DNS queries, resolving
       the host name received in the INIT chunk to IP addresses, could be
       accomplished by sending INITs to multiple hosts in a given domain.
       In addition, an attacker could use the host name feature in an
       indirect attack on a third party by sending large numbers of INITs to
       random hosts containing the host name of the target.  In addition to
       the strain on DNS resources, this could also result in large numbers
       of INIT ACKs being sent to the target.  One method to protect against
       this type of attack is to verify that the IP addresses received from
       DNS include the source IP address of the original INIT.  If the list
       of IP addresses received from DNS does not include the source IP
       address of the INIT, the endpoint MAY silently discard the INIT.
       This last option will not protect against the attack against the DNS.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 11.2.4.1)
       ---------

       Support for the Host Name Address parameter has been removed from the
       protocol.  Endpoints receiving INIT or INIT ACK chunks containing the
       Host Name Address parameter MUST send an ABORT chunk in response and
       MAY include an "Unresolvable Address" error cause.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.41.3.  Solution Description

       The usage of the Host Name Address parameter has been deprecated.

    3.42.  Conflicting Text regarding the 'Supported Address Types'
           Parameter

    3.42.1.  Description of the Problem

       Section 5.1.2 of [RFC4960] contains conflicting text regarding the
       receipt of an SCTP packet containing an INIT chunk sent from an
       address for which the corresponding address type is not listed in the
       'Supported Address Types' parameter.  The text states that the
       association MUST be aborted, but it also states that the association
       SHOULD be established and there SHOULD NOT be any error indication.

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    3.42.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 5.1.2)
       ---------

       The sender of INIT may include a 'Supported Address Types' parameter
       in the INIT to indicate what types of address are acceptable.  When
       this parameter is present, the receiver of INIT (initiate) MUST
       either use one of the address types indicated in the Supported
       Address Types parameter when responding to the INIT, or abort the
       association with an "Unresolvable Address" error cause if it is
       unwilling or incapable of using any of the address types indicated by
       its peer.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 5.1.2)
       ---------

       The sender of INIT chunks MAY include a 'Supported Address Types'
       parameter in the INIT to indicate what types of addresses are
       acceptable.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.42.3.  Solution Description

       The conflicting text has been removed.

    3.43.  Integration of RFC 6096

    3.43.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC6096] updates [RFC4960] by adding the "Chunk Flags" registry.
       This should be integrated into the base specification.

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    3.43.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 14.1)
       ---------

       14.1.  IETF-Defined Chunk Extension

          The assignment of new chunk parameter type codes is done through
          an IETF Consensus action, as defined in [RFC2434].  Documentation
          of the chunk parameter MUST contain the following information:

          a) A long and short name for the new chunk type.

          b) A detailed description of the structure of the chunk, which
             MUST conform to the basic structure defined in Section 3.2.

          c) A detailed definition and description of the intended use of
             each field within the chunk, including the chunk flags if any.

          d) A detailed procedural description of the use of the new chunk
             type within the operation of the protocol.

          The last chunk type (255) is reserved for future extension if
          necessary.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 14.1)
       ---------

       14.1.  IETF-Defined Chunk Extension

          The assignment of new chunk type codes is done through an IETF
          Review action, as defined in [RFC8126].  Documentation for a new
          chunk MUST contain the following information:

          a)  A long and short name for the new chunk type.

          b)  A detailed description of the structure of the chunk, which
              MUST conform to the basic structure defined in Section 3.2.

          c)  A detailed definition and description of the intended use of
              each field within the chunk, including the chunk flags
              (if any).  Defined chunk flags will be used as initial entries
              in the chunk flags table for the new chunk type.

          d)  A detailed procedural description of the use of the new chunk
              type within the operation of the protocol.

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          The last chunk type (255) is reserved for future extension if
          necessary.

          For each new chunk type, IANA creates a registration table for the
          chunk flags of that type.  The procedure for registering
          particular chunk flags is described in Section 14.2.

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.3.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 14.2)
       ---------

       14.2.  New IETF Chunk Flags Registration

          The assignment of new chunk flags is done through an RFC Required
          action, as defined in [RFC8126].  Documentation for the chunk
          flags MUST contain the following information:

          a)  A name for the new chunk flag.

          b)  A detailed procedural description of the use of the new chunk
              flag within the operation of the protocol.  It MUST be
              considered that implementations not supporting the flag will
              send '0' on transmit and just ignore it on receipt.

          IANA selects a chunk flags value.  This MUST be one of 0x01, 0x02,
          0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, or 0x80, which MUST be unique within
          the chunk flag values for the specific chunk type.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       Please note that Sections 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, and 14.5 as shown in
       [RFC4960] will need to be renumbered when [RFC4960] is updated.

    3.43.3.  Solution Description

       [RFC6096] has been integrated, and the reference has been updated to
       [RFC8126].

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    3.44.  Integration of RFC 6335

    3.44.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC6335] updates [RFC4960] by updating procedures for the "Service
       Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry".  This should be
       integrated into the base specification.  Also, the "Guidelines for
       Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs" reference needs to be
       changed to [RFC8126].

    3.44.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 14.5)
       ---------

       SCTP services may use contact port numbers to provide service to
       unknown callers, as in TCP and UDP.  IANA is therefore requested to
       open the existing Port Numbers registry for SCTP using the following
       rules, which we intend to mesh well with existing Port Numbers
       registration procedures.  An IESG-appointed Expert Reviewer supports
       IANA in evaluating SCTP port allocation requests, according to the
       procedure defined in [RFC2434].

       Port numbers are divided into three ranges.  The Well Known Ports are
       those from 0 through 1023, the Registered Ports are those from 1024
       through 49151, and the Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from
       49152 through 65535.  Well Known and Registered Ports are intended
       for use by server applications that desire a default contact point on
       a system.  On most systems, Well Known Ports can only be used by
       system (or root) processes or by programs executed by privileged
       users, while Registered Ports can be used by ordinary user processes
       or programs executed by ordinary users.  Dynamic and/or Private Ports
       are intended for temporary use, including client-side ports, out-of-
       band negotiated ports, and application testing prior to registration
       of a dedicated port; they MUST NOT be registered.

       The Port Numbers registry should accept registrations for SCTP ports
       in the Well Known Ports and Registered Ports ranges.  Well Known and
       Registered Ports SHOULD NOT be used without registration.  Although
       in some cases -- such as porting an application from TCP to SCTP --
       it may seem natural to use an SCTP port before registration
       completes, we emphasize that IANA will not guarantee registration of
       particular Well Known and Registered Ports.  Registrations should be
       requested as early as possible.

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       Each port registration SHALL include the following information:

       o  A short port name, consisting entirely of letters (A-Z and a-z),
          digits (0-9), and punctuation characters from "-_+./*" (not
          including the quotes).

       o  The port number that is requested for registration.

       o  A short English phrase describing the port's purpose.

       o  Name and contact information for the person or entity performing
          the registration, and possibly a reference to a document defining
          the port's use.  Registrations coming from IETF working groups
          need only name the working group, but indicating a contact person
          is recommended.

       Registrants are encouraged to follow these guidelines when submitting
       a registration.

       o  A port name SHOULD NOT be registered for more than one SCTP port
          number.

       o  A port name registered for TCP MAY be registered for SCTP as well.
          Any such registration SHOULD use the same port number as the
          existing TCP registration.

       o  Concrete intent to use a port SHOULD precede port registration.
          For example, existing TCP ports SHOULD NOT be registered in
          advance of any intent to use those ports for SCTP.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 14.5)
       ---------

       SCTP services can use contact port numbers to provide service to
       unknown callers, as in TCP and UDP.  IANA is therefore requested to
       open the existing "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number
       Registry" for SCTP using the following rules, which we intend to mesh
       well with existing port-number registration procedures.  An
       IESG-appointed expert reviewer supports IANA in evaluating SCTP port
       allocation requests, according to the procedure defined in [RFC8126].
       The details of this process are defined in [RFC6335].

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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    3.44.3.  Solution Description

       [RFC6335] has been integrated, and the reference has been updated to
       [RFC8126].

    3.45.  Integration of RFC 7053

    3.45.1.  Description of the Problem

       [RFC7053] updates [RFC4960] by adding the I bit to the DATA chunk.
       This should be integrated into the base specification.

    3.45.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.1)
       ---------

       The following format MUST be used for the DATA chunk:

            0                   1                   2                   3
            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |   Type = 0    | Reserved|U|B|E|    Length                     |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |                              TSN                              |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |      Stream Identifier S      |   Stream Sequence Number n    |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |                  Payload Protocol Identifier                  |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           \                                                               \
           /                 User Data (seq n of Stream S)                 /
           \                                                               \
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       Reserved: 5 bits

          Should be set to all '0's and ignored by the receiver.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.1)
       ---------

       The following format MUST be used for the DATA chunk:

            0                   1                   2                   3
            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |   Type = 0    |  Res  |I|U|B|E|    Length                     |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |                              TSN                              |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |      Stream Identifier S      |   Stream Sequence Number n    |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           |                  Payload Protocol Identifier                  |
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
           \                                                               \
           /                 User Data (seq n of Stream S)                 /
           \                                                               \
           +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       Res: 4 bits

          SHOULD be set to all '0's and ignored by the receiver.

       I bit: 1 bit

          The (I)mmediate bit MAY be set by the sender whenever the sender
          of a DATA chunk can benefit from the corresponding SACK chunk
          being sent back without delay.  See Section 4 of [RFC7053] for a
          discussion of the benefits.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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       ---------
       New text: (Append to Section 6.1)
       ---------

       Whenever the sender of a DATA chunk can benefit from the
       corresponding SACK chunk being sent back without delay, the sender
       MAY set the I bit in the DATA chunk header.  Please note that why the
       sender has set the I bit is irrelevant to the receiver.

       Reasons for setting the I bit include, but are not limited to, the
       following (see Section 4 of [RFC7053] for a discussion of the
       benefits):

       o  The application requests that the I bit of the last DATA chunk of
          a user message be set when providing the user message to the SCTP
          implementation (see Section 7).

       o  The sender is in the SHUTDOWN-PENDING state.

       o  The sending of a DATA chunk fills the congestion or receiver
          window.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       Note: The SHUTDOWN chunk does not contain Gap Ack Block fields.
       Therefore, the endpoint should use a SACK instead of the SHUTDOWN
       chunk to acknowledge DATA chunks received out of order.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.2)
       ---------

       Note: The SHUTDOWN chunk does not contain Gap Ack Block fields.
       Therefore, the endpoint SHOULD use a SACK instead of the SHUTDOWN
       chunk to acknowledge DATA chunks received out of order.

       Upon receipt of an SCTP packet containing a DATA chunk with the I bit
       set, the receiver SHOULD NOT delay the sending of the corresponding
       SACK chunk, i.e., the receiver SHOULD immediately respond with the
       corresponding SACK chunk.

       Please note that this change is only about adding a paragraph.

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       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 10.1 E))
       ---------

       E) Send

        Format: SEND(association id, buffer address, byte count [,context]
                [,stream id] [,life time] [,destination transport address]
                [,unordered flag] [,no-bundle flag] [,payload protocol-id] )
        -> result

       ---------
       New text: (Section 10.1 E))
       ---------

       E) Send

        Format: SEND(association id, buffer address, byte count [,context]
                [,stream id] [,life time] [,destination transport address]
                [,unordered flag] [,no-bundle flag] [,payload protocol-id]
                [,sack-immediately])
        -> result

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       New text: (Append optional parameter in item E) of Section 10.1)
       ---------

       o  sack-immediately flag - set the I bit on the last DATA chunk used
          for the user message to be transmitted.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.45.3.  Solution Description

       [RFC7053] has been integrated.

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    3.46.  CRC32c Code Improvements

    3.46.1.  Description of the Problem

       The code given for the CRC32c computations uses types such as "long",
       which may have different lengths on different operating systems or
       processors.  Therefore, the code needs to be changed, so that it uses
       specific types such as uint32_t.

       Some syntax errors and a comment also need to be fixed.

       We remind the reader that per Section 3.10.2 of this document most of
       Appendix C of RFC 4960 will be moved to Appendix B in the bis
       document (thus the "Old text: (Appendix C)" and "New text:
       (Appendix B)" items in this section).

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    3.46.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       /*************************************************************/
       /* Note Definition for Ross Williams table generator would   */
       /* be: TB_WIDTH=4, TB_POLLY=0x1EDC6F41, TB_REVER=TRUE        */
       /* For Mr. Williams direct calculation code use the settings */
       /* cm_width=32, cm_poly=0x1EDC6F41, cm_init=0xFFFFFFFF,      */
       /* cm_refin=TRUE, cm_refot=TRUE, cm_xorort=0x00000000        */
       /*************************************************************/

       /* Example of the crc table file */
       #ifndef __crc32cr_table_h__
       #define __crc32cr_table_h__

       #define CRC32C_POLY 0x1EDC6F41
       #define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])

       unsigned long  crc_c[256] =
       {
       0x00000000L, 0xF26B8303L, 0xE13B70F7L, 0x1350F3F4L,
       0xC79A971FL, 0x35F1141CL, 0x26A1E7E8L, 0xD4CA64EBL,
       0x8AD958CFL, 0x78B2DBCCL, 0x6BE22838L, 0x9989AB3BL,
       0x4D43CFD0L, 0xBF284CD3L, 0xAC78BF27L, 0x5E133C24L,
       0x105EC76FL, 0xE235446CL, 0xF165B798L, 0x030E349BL,
       0xD7C45070L, 0x25AFD373L, 0x36FF2087L, 0xC494A384L,
       0x9A879FA0L, 0x68EC1CA3L, 0x7BBCEF57L, 0x89D76C54L,
       0x5D1D08BFL, 0xAF768BBCL, 0xBC267848L, 0x4E4DFB4BL,
       0x20BD8EDEL, 0xD2D60DDDL, 0xC186FE29L, 0x33ED7D2AL,
       0xE72719C1L, 0x154C9AC2L, 0x061C6936L, 0xF477EA35L,
       0xAA64D611L, 0x580F5512L, 0x4B5FA6E6L, 0xB93425E5L,
       0x6DFE410EL, 0x9F95C20DL, 0x8CC531F9L, 0x7EAEB2FAL,
       0x30E349B1L, 0xC288CAB2L, 0xD1D83946L, 0x23B3BA45L,

       0xF779DEAEL, 0x05125DADL, 0x1642AE59L, 0xE4292D5AL,
       0xBA3A117EL, 0x4851927DL, 0x5B016189L, 0xA96AE28AL,
       0x7DA08661L, 0x8FCB0562L, 0x9C9BF696L, 0x6EF07595L,
       0x417B1DBCL, 0xB3109EBFL, 0xA0406D4BL, 0x522BEE48L,
       0x86E18AA3L, 0x748A09A0L, 0x67DAFA54L, 0x95B17957L,
       0xCBA24573L, 0x39C9C670L, 0x2A993584L, 0xD8F2B687L,
       0x0C38D26CL, 0xFE53516FL, 0xED03A29BL, 0x1F682198L,
       0x5125DAD3L, 0xA34E59D0L, 0xB01EAA24L, 0x42752927L,
       0x96BF4DCCL, 0x64D4CECFL, 0x77843D3BL, 0x85EFBE38L,
       0xDBFC821CL, 0x2997011FL, 0x3AC7F2EBL, 0xC8AC71E8L,
       0x1C661503L, 0xEE0D9600L, 0xFD5D65F4L, 0x0F36E6F7L,

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       0x61C69362L, 0x93AD1061L, 0x80FDE395L, 0x72966096L,
       0xA65C047DL, 0x5437877EL, 0x4767748AL, 0xB50CF789L,
       0xEB1FCBADL, 0x197448AEL, 0x0A24BB5AL, 0xF84F3859L,
       0x2C855CB2L, 0xDEEEDFB1L, 0xCDBE2C45L, 0x3FD5AF46L,
       0x7198540DL, 0x83F3D70EL, 0x90A324FAL, 0x62C8A7F9L,
       0xB602C312L, 0x44694011L, 0x5739B3E5L, 0xA55230E6L,
       0xFB410CC2L, 0x092A8FC1L, 0x1A7A7C35L, 0xE811FF36L,
       0x3CDB9BDDL, 0xCEB018DEL, 0xDDE0EB2AL, 0x2F8B6829L,
       0x82F63B78L, 0x709DB87BL, 0x63CD4B8FL, 0x91A6C88CL,
       0x456CAC67L, 0xB7072F64L, 0xA457DC90L, 0x563C5F93L,
       0x082F63B7L, 0xFA44E0B4L, 0xE9141340L, 0x1B7F9043L,
       0xCFB5F4A8L, 0x3DDE77ABL, 0x2E8E845FL, 0xDCE5075CL,
       0x92A8FC17L, 0x60C37F14L, 0x73938CE0L, 0x81F80FE3L,
       0x55326B08L, 0xA759E80BL, 0xB4091BFFL, 0x466298FCL,
       0x1871A4D8L, 0xEA1A27DBL, 0xF94AD42FL, 0x0B21572CL,
       0xDFEB33C7L, 0x2D80B0C4L, 0x3ED04330L, 0xCCBBC033L,
       0xA24BB5A6L, 0x502036A5L, 0x4370C551L, 0xB11B4652L,
       0x65D122B9L, 0x97BAA1BAL, 0x84EA524EL, 0x7681D14DL,
       0x2892ED69L, 0xDAF96E6AL, 0xC9A99D9EL, 0x3BC21E9DL,
       0xEF087A76L, 0x1D63F975L, 0x0E330A81L, 0xFC588982L,
       0xB21572C9L, 0x407EF1CAL, 0x532E023EL, 0xA145813DL,
       0x758FE5D6L, 0x87E466D5L, 0x94B49521L, 0x66DF1622L,
       0x38CC2A06L, 0xCAA7A905L, 0xD9F75AF1L, 0x2B9CD9F2L,
       0xFF56BD19L, 0x0D3D3E1AL, 0x1E6DCDEEL, 0xEC064EEDL,
       0xC38D26C4L, 0x31E6A5C7L, 0x22B65633L, 0xD0DDD530L,
       0x0417B1DBL, 0xF67C32D8L, 0xE52CC12CL, 0x1747422FL,
       0x49547E0BL, 0xBB3FFD08L, 0xA86F0EFCL, 0x5A048DFFL,
       0x8ECEE914L, 0x7CA56A17L, 0x6FF599E3L, 0x9D9E1AE0L,
       0xD3D3E1ABL, 0x21B862A8L, 0x32E8915CL, 0xC083125FL,
       0x144976B4L, 0xE622F5B7L, 0xF5720643L, 0x07198540L,
       0x590AB964L, 0xAB613A67L, 0xB831C993L, 0x4A5A4A90L,
       0x9E902E7BL, 0x6CFBAD78L, 0x7FAB5E8CL, 0x8DC0DD8FL,
       0xE330A81AL, 0x115B2B19L, 0x020BD8EDL, 0xF0605BEEL,
       0x24AA3F05L, 0xD6C1BC06L, 0xC5914FF2L, 0x37FACCF1L,
       0x69E9F0D5L, 0x9B8273D6L, 0x88D28022L, 0x7AB90321L,
       0xAE7367CAL, 0x5C18E4C9L, 0x4F48173DL, 0xBD23943EL,
       0xF36E6F75L, 0x0105EC76L, 0x12551F82L, 0xE03E9C81L,

       0x34F4F86AL, 0xC69F7B69L, 0xD5CF889DL, 0x27A40B9EL,
       0x79B737BAL, 0x8BDCB4B9L, 0x988C474DL, 0x6AE7C44EL,
       0xBE2DA0A5L, 0x4C4623A6L, 0x5F16D052L, 0xAD7D5351L,
       };

       #endif

    Stewart, et al.               Informational                    [Page 78]

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       ---------
       New text: (Appendix B)
       ---------

       <CODE BEGINS>
       /****************************************************************/
       /* Note: The definitions for Ross Williams's table generator    */
       /* would be TB_WIDTH=4, TB_POLY=0x1EDC6F41, TB_REVER=TRUE.      */
       /* For Mr. Williams's direct calculation code, use the settings */
       /* cm_width=32, cm_poly=0x1EDC6F41, cm_init=0xFFFFFFFF,         */
       /* cm_refin=TRUE, cm_refot=TRUE, cm_xorot=0x00000000.           */
       /****************************************************************/

       /* Example of the crc table file */
       #ifndef __crc32cr_h__
       #define __crc32cr_h__

       #define CRC32C_POLY 0x1EDC6F41UL
       #define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])

       uint32_t crc_c[256] =
       {
       0x00000000UL, 0xF26B8303UL, 0xE13B70F7UL, 0x1350F3F4UL,
       0xC79A971FUL, 0x35F1141CUL, 0x26A1E7E8UL, 0xD4CA64EBUL,
       0x8AD958CFUL, 0x78B2DBCCUL, 0x6BE22838UL, 0x9989AB3BUL,
       0x4D43CFD0UL, 0xBF284CD3UL, 0xAC78BF27UL, 0x5E133C24UL,
       0x105EC76FUL, 0xE235446CUL, 0xF165B798UL, 0x030E349BUL,
       0xD7C45070UL, 0x25AFD373UL, 0x36FF2087UL, 0xC494A384UL,
       0x9A879FA0UL, 0x68EC1CA3UL, 0x7BBCEF57UL, 0x89D76C54UL,
       0x5D1D08BFUL, 0xAF768BBCUL, 0xBC267848UL, 0x4E4DFB4BUL,
       0x20BD8EDEUL, 0xD2D60DDDUL, 0xC186FE29UL, 0x33ED7D2AUL,
       0xE72719C1UL, 0x154C9AC2UL, 0x061C6936UL, 0xF477EA35UL,
       0xAA64D611UL, 0x580F5512UL, 0x4B5FA6E6UL, 0xB93425E5UL,
       0x6DFE410EUL, 0x9F95C20DUL, 0x8CC531F9UL, 0x7EAEB2FAUL,
       0x30E349B1UL, 0xC288CAB2UL, 0xD1D83946UL, 0x23B3BA45UL,
       0xF779DEAEUL, 0x05125DADUL, 0x1642AE59UL, 0xE4292D5AUL,
       0xBA3A117EUL, 0x4851927DUL, 0x5B016189UL, 0xA96AE28AUL,
       0x7DA08661UL, 0x8FCB0562UL, 0x9C9BF696UL, 0x6EF07595UL,
       0x417B1DBCUL, 0xB3109EBFUL, 0xA0406D4BUL, 0x522BEE48UL,
       0x86E18AA3UL, 0x748A09A0UL, 0x67DAFA54UL, 0x95B17957UL,
       0xCBA24573UL, 0x39C9C670UL, 0x2A993584UL, 0xD8F2B687UL,
       0x0C38D26CUL, 0xFE53516FUL, 0xED03A29BUL, 0x1F682198UL,
       0x5125DAD3UL, 0xA34E59D0UL, 0xB01EAA24UL, 0x42752927UL,
       0x96BF4DCCUL, 0x64D4CECFUL, 0x77843D3BUL, 0x85EFBE38UL,
       0xDBFC821CUL, 0x2997011FUL, 0x3AC7F2EBUL, 0xC8AC71E8UL,
       0x1C661503UL, 0xEE0D9600UL, 0xFD5D65F4UL, 0x0F36E6F7UL,
       0x61C69362UL, 0x93AD1061UL, 0x80FDE395UL, 0x72966096UL,
       0xA65C047DUL, 0x5437877EUL, 0x4767748AUL, 0xB50CF789UL,

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       0xEB1FCBADUL, 0x197448AEUL, 0x0A24BB5AUL, 0xF84F3859UL,
       0x2C855CB2UL, 0xDEEEDFB1UL, 0xCDBE2C45UL, 0x3FD5AF46UL,
       0x7198540DUL, 0x83F3D70EUL, 0x90A324FAUL, 0x62C8A7F9UL,
       0xB602C312UL, 0x44694011UL, 0x5739B3E5UL, 0xA55230E6UL,
       0xFB410CC2UL, 0x092A8FC1UL, 0x1A7A7C35UL, 0xE811FF36UL,
       0x3CDB9BDDUL, 0xCEB018DEUL, 0xDDE0EB2AUL, 0x2F8B6829UL,
       0x82F63B78UL, 0x709DB87BUL, 0x63CD4B8FUL, 0x91A6C88CUL,
       0x456CAC67UL, 0xB7072F64UL, 0xA457DC90UL, 0x563C5F93UL,
       0x082F63B7UL, 0xFA44E0B4UL, 0xE9141340UL, 0x1B7F9043UL,
       0xCFB5F4A8UL, 0x3DDE77ABUL, 0x2E8E845FUL, 0xDCE5075CUL,
       0x92A8FC17UL, 0x60C37F14UL, 0x73938CE0UL, 0x81F80FE3UL,
       0x55326B08UL, 0xA759E80BUL, 0xB4091BFFUL, 0x466298FCUL,
       0x1871A4D8UL, 0xEA1A27DBUL, 0xF94AD42FUL, 0x0B21572CUL,
       0xDFEB33C7UL, 0x2D80B0C4UL, 0x3ED04330UL, 0xCCBBC033UL,
       0xA24BB5A6UL, 0x502036A5UL, 0x4370C551UL, 0xB11B4652UL,
       0x65D122B9UL, 0x97BAA1BAUL, 0x84EA524EUL, 0x7681D14DUL,
       0x2892ED69UL, 0xDAF96E6AUL, 0xC9A99D9EUL, 0x3BC21E9DUL,
       0xEF087A76UL, 0x1D63F975UL, 0x0E330A81UL, 0xFC588982UL,
       0xB21572C9UL, 0x407EF1CAUL, 0x532E023EUL, 0xA145813DUL,
       0x758FE5D6UL, 0x87E466D5UL, 0x94B49521UL, 0x66DF1622UL,
       0x38CC2A06UL, 0xCAA7A905UL, 0xD9F75AF1UL, 0x2B9CD9F2UL,
       0xFF56BD19UL, 0x0D3D3E1AUL, 0x1E6DCDEEUL, 0xEC064EEDUL,
       0xC38D26C4UL, 0x31E6A5C7UL, 0x22B65633UL, 0xD0DDD530UL,
       0x0417B1DBUL, 0xF67C32D8UL, 0xE52CC12CUL, 0x1747422FUL,
       0x49547E0BUL, 0xBB3FFD08UL, 0xA86F0EFCUL, 0x5A048DFFUL,
       0x8ECEE914UL, 0x7CA56A17UL, 0x6FF599E3UL, 0x9D9E1AE0UL,
       0xD3D3E1ABUL, 0x21B862A8UL, 0x32E8915CUL, 0xC083125FUL,
       0x144976B4UL, 0xE622F5B7UL, 0xF5720643UL, 0x07198540UL,
       0x590AB964UL, 0xAB613A67UL, 0xB831C993UL, 0x4A5A4A90UL,
       0x9E902E7BUL, 0x6CFBAD78UL, 0x7FAB5E8CUL, 0x8DC0DD8FUL,
       0xE330A81AUL, 0x115B2B19UL, 0x020BD8EDUL, 0xF0605BEEUL,
       0x24AA3F05UL, 0xD6C1BC06UL, 0xC5914FF2UL, 0x37FACCF1UL,
       0x69E9F0D5UL, 0x9B8273D6UL, 0x88D28022UL, 0x7AB90321UL,
       0xAE7367CAUL, 0x5C18E4C9UL, 0x4F48173DUL, 0xBD23943EUL,
       0xF36E6F75UL, 0x0105EC76UL, 0x12551F82UL, 0xE03E9C81UL,
       0x34F4F86AUL, 0xC69F7B69UL, 0xD5CF889DUL, 0x27A40B9EUL,
       0x79B737BAUL, 0x8BDCB4B9UL, 0x988C474DUL, 0x6AE7C44EUL,
       0xBE2DA0A5UL, 0x4C4623A6UL, 0x5F16D052UL, 0xAD7D5351UL,
       };

       #endif

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.10.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

    Stewart, et al.               Informational                    [Page 80]

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       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       /* Example of table build routine */

       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>

       #define OUTPUT_FILE   "crc32cr.h"
       #define CRC32C_POLY    0x1EDC6F41L
       FILE *tf;
       unsigned long
       reflect_32 (unsigned long b)
       {
         int i;
         unsigned long rw = 0L;

         for (i = 0; i < 32; i++){
             if (b & 1)
               rw |= 1 << (31 - i);
             b >>= 1;
         }
         return (rw);
       }

       unsigned long
       build_crc_table (int index)
       {
         int i;
         unsigned long rb;

         rb = reflect_32 (index);

         for (i = 0; i < 8; i++){
             if (rb & 0x80000000L)
              rb = (rb << 1) ^ CRC32C_POLY;
             else
              rb <<= 1;
         }
         return (reflect_32 (rb));
       }

       main ()

       {
         int i;

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         printf ("\nGenerating CRC-32c table file <%s>\n",
         OUTPUT_FILE);
         if ((tf = fopen (OUTPUT_FILE, "w")) == NULL){
             printf ("Unable to open %s\n", OUTPUT_FILE);
             exit (1);
         }
         fprintf (tf, "#ifndef __crc32cr_table_h__\n");
         fprintf (tf, "#define __crc32cr_table_h__\n\n");
         fprintf (tf, "#define CRC32C_POLY 0x%08lX\n",
         CRC32C_POLY);
         fprintf (tf,
         "#define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])\n");
         fprintf (tf, "\nunsigned long  crc_c[256] =\n{\n");
         for (i = 0; i < 256; i++){
             fprintf (tf, "0x%08lXL, ", build_crc_table (i));
             if ((i & 3) == 3)
               fprintf (tf, "\n");
         }
         fprintf (tf, "};\n\n#endif\n");

         if (fclose (tf) != 0)
           printf ("Unable to close <%s>." OUTPUT_FILE);
         else
           printf ("\nThe CRC-32c table has been written to <%s>.\n",
             OUTPUT_FILE);
       }

       ---------
       New text: (Appendix B)
       ---------

       /* Example of table build routine */

       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>

       #define OUTPUT_FILE   "crc32cr.h"
       #define CRC32C_POLY    0x1EDC6F41UL

       static FILE *tf;

       static uint32_t
       reflect_32(uint32_t b)
       {
         int i;
         uint32_t rw = 0UL;

         for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

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             if (b & 1)
               rw |= 1 << (31 - i);
             b >>= 1;
         }
         return (rw);
       }

       static uint32_t
       build_crc_table (int index)
       {
         int i;
         uint32_t rb;

         rb = reflect_32(index);

         for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
             if (rb & 0x80000000UL)
              rb = (rb << 1) ^ (uint32_t)CRC32C_POLY;
             else
              rb <<= 1;
         }
         return (reflect_32(rb));
       }

       int
       main (void)
       {
         int i;

         printf("\nGenerating CRC32c table file <%s>.\n",
         OUTPUT_FILE);
         if ((tf = fopen(OUTPUT_FILE, "w")) == NULL) {
             printf("Unable to open %s.\n", OUTPUT_FILE);
             exit (1);
         }
         fprintf(tf, "#ifndef __crc32cr_h__\n");
         fprintf(tf, "#define __crc32cr_h__\n\n");
         fprintf(tf, "#define CRC32C_POLY 0x%08XUL\n",
           (uint32_t)CRC32C_POLY);
         fprintf(tf,
           "#define CRC32C(c,d) (c=(c>>8)^crc_c[(c^(d))&0xFF])\n");
         fprintf(tf, "\nuint32_t crc_c[256] =\n{\n");
         for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
             fprintf(tf, "0x%08XUL,", build_crc_table (i));
             if ((i & 3) == 3)

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               fprintf(tf, "\n");
             else
               fprintf(tf, " ");
         }
         fprintf(tf, "};\n\n#endif\n");

         if (fclose(tf) != 0)
           printf("Unable to close <%s>.\n", OUTPUT_FILE);
         else
           printf("\nThe CRC32c table has been written to <%s>.\n",
             OUTPUT_FILE);
       }

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Section 3.10.  It is in final form and is not
       further updated in this document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Appendix C)
       ---------

       /* Example of crc insertion */

       #include "crc32cr.h"

       unsigned long
       generate_crc32c(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         unsigned int i;
         unsigned long crc32 = ~0L;
         unsigned long result;
         unsigned char byte0,byte1,byte2,byte3;

         for (i = 0; i < length; i++){
             CRC32C(crc32, buffer[i]);
         }

         result = ~crc32;

         /*  result now holds the negated polynomial remainder;
          *  since the table and algorithm is "reflected" [williams95].
          *  That is, result has the same value as if we mapped the message
          *  to a polynomial, computed the host-bit-order polynomial
          *  remainder, performed final negation, then did an end-for-end
          *  bit-reversal.
          *  Note that a 32-bit bit-reversal is identical to four inplace
          *  8-bit reversals followed by an end-for-end byteswap.
          *  In other words, the bytes of each bit are in the right order,

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          *  but the bytes have been byteswapped.  So we now do an explicit
          *  byteswap.  On a little-endian machine, this byteswap and
          *  the final ntohl cancel out and could be elided.
          */

         byte0 = result & 0xff;
         byte1 = (result>>8) & 0xff;
         byte2 = (result>>16) & 0xff;
         byte3 = (result>>24) & 0xff;
         crc32 = ((byte0 << 24) |
                  (byte1 << 16) |
                  (byte2 << 8)  |
                  byte3);
         return ( crc32 );
       }

       int
       insert_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         SCTP_message *message;
         unsigned long crc32;
         message = (SCTP_message *) buffer;
         message->common_header.checksum = 0L;
         crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer,length);
         /* and insert it into the message */
         message->common_header.checksum = htonl(crc32);
         return 1;
       }

       int
       validate_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         SCTP_message *message;
         unsigned int i;
         unsigned long original_crc32;
         unsigned long crc32 = ~0L;

         /* save and zero checksum */
         message = (SCTP_message *) buffer;
         original_crc32 = ntohl(message->common_header.checksum);
         message->common_header.checksum = 0L;
         crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer,length);
         return ((original_crc32 == crc32)? 1 : -1);
       }

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       ---------
       New text: (Appendix B)
       ---------

       /* Example of crc insertion */

       #include "crc32cr.h"

       uint32_t
       generate_crc32c(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         unsigned int i;
         uint32_t crc32 = 0xffffffffUL;
         uint32_t result;
         uint8_t byte0, byte1, byte2, byte3;

         for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
             CRC32C(crc32, buffer[i]);
         }

         result = ~crc32;

         /*  result now holds the negated polynomial remainder,
          *  since the table and algorithm are "reflected" [williams95].
          *  That is, result has the same value as if we mapped the message
          *  to a polynomial, computed the host-bit-order polynomial
          *  remainder, performed final negation, and then did an
          *  end-for-end bit-reversal.
          *  Note that a 32-bit bit-reversal is identical to four in-place
          *  8-bit bit-reversals followed by an end-for-end byteswap.
          *  In other words, the bits of each byte are in the right order,
          *  but the bytes have been byteswapped.  So, we now do an explicit
          *  byteswap.  On a little-endian machine, this byteswap and
          *  the final ntohl cancel out and could be elided.
          */

         byte0 = result & 0xff;
         byte1 = (result>>8) & 0xff;
         byte2 = (result>>16) & 0xff;
         byte3 = (result>>24) & 0xff;
         crc32 = ((byte0 << 24) |
                  (byte1 << 16) |
                  (byte2 << 8)  |
                  byte3);
         return (crc32);
       }

       int

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       insert_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         SCTP_message *message;
         uint32_t crc32;
         message = (SCTP_message *) buffer;
         message->common_header.checksum = 0UL;
         crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer,length);
         /* and insert it into the message */
         message->common_header.checksum = htonl(crc32);
         return 1;
       }

       int
       validate_crc32(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int length)
       {
         SCTP_message *message;
         unsigned int i;
         uint32_t original_crc32;
         uint32_t crc32;

         /* save and zero checksum */
         message = (SCTP_message *)buffer;
         original_crc32 = ntohl(message->common_header.checksum);
         message->common_header.checksum = 0L;
         crc32 = generate_crc32c(buffer, length);
         return ((original_crc32 == crc32)? 1 : -1);
       }
       <CODE ENDS>

       This text has been modified by multiple errata.  It includes
       modifications from Sections 3.5 and 3.10.  It is in final form and is
       not further updated in this document.

    3.46.3.  Solution Description

       The code was changed to use platform-independent types.

    3.47.  Clarification of Gap Ack Blocks in SACK Chunks

    3.47.1.  Description of the Problem

       The Gap Ack Blocks in the SACK chunk are intended to be isolated.
       However, this is not mentioned with normative text.

       This issue was reported as part of an errata for [RFC4960] with
       Errata ID 5202.

    Stewart, et al.               Informational                    [Page 87]

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    3.47.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.4)
       ---------

       The SACK also contains zero or more Gap Ack Blocks.  Each Gap Ack
       Block acknowledges a subsequence of TSNs received following a break
       in the sequence of received TSNs.  By definition, all TSNs
       acknowledged by Gap Ack Blocks are greater than the value of the
       Cumulative TSN Ack.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.4)
       ---------

       The SACK also contains zero or more Gap Ack Blocks.  Each Gap Ack
       Block acknowledges a subsequence of TSNs received following a break
       in the sequence of received TSNs.  The Gap Ack Blocks SHOULD be
       isolated.  This means that the TSN just before each Gap Ack Block and
       the TSN just after each Gap Ack Block have not been received.  By
       definition, all TSNs acknowledged by Gap Ack Blocks are greater than
       the value of the Cumulative TSN Ack.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 3.3.4)
       ---------

       Gap Ack Blocks:

          These fields contain the Gap Ack Blocks.  They are repeated for
          each Gap Ack Block up to the number of Gap Ack Blocks defined in
          the Number of Gap Ack Blocks field.  All DATA chunks with TSNs
          greater than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack Block
          Start) and less than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack
          Block End) of each Gap Ack Block are assumed to have been received
          correctly.

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 3.3.4)
       ---------

       Gap Ack Blocks:

          These fields contain the Gap Ack Blocks.  They are repeated for
          each Gap Ack Block up to the number of Gap Ack Blocks defined in
          the Number of Gap Ack Blocks field.  All DATA chunks with TSNs
          greater than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack Block
          Start) and less than or equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack
          Block End) of each Gap Ack Block are assumed to have been received
          correctly.  Gap Ack Blocks SHOULD be isolated.  This means that
          the DATA chunks with TSNs equal to (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack
          Block Start - 1) and (Cumulative TSN Ack + Gap Ack Block End + 1)
          have not been received.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.47.3.  Solution Description

       Normative text describing the intended usage of Gap Ack Blocks has
       been added.

    3.48.  Handling of SSN Wraparounds

    3.48.1.  Description of the Problem

       The Stream Sequence Number (SSN) is used for preserving the ordering
       of user messages within each SCTP stream.  The SSN is limited to
       16 bits.  Therefore, multiple wraparounds of the SSN might happen
       within the current send window.  To allow the receiver to deliver
       ordered user messages in the correct sequence, the sender should
       limit the number of user messages per stream.

    3.48.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       Note: The data sender SHOULD NOT use a TSN that is more than 2**31 -
       1 above the beginning TSN of the current send window.

    Stewart, et al.               Informational                    [Page 89]

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       ---------
       New text: (Section 6.1)
       ---------

       Note: The data sender SHOULD NOT use a TSN that is more than
       2**31 - 1 above the beginning TSN of the current send window.
       Note: For each stream, the data sender SHOULD NOT have more than
       2**16 - 1 ordered user messages in the current send window.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.48.3.  Solution Description

       The data sender is required to limit the number of ordered user
       messages within the current send window.

    3.49.  Update to RFC 2119 Boilerplate Text

    3.49.1.  Description of the Problem

       The text to be used to refer to the terms ("key words") defined in
       [RFC2119] has been updated by [RFC8174].  This needs to be integrated
       into the base specification.

    3.49.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 2)
       ---------

       The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
       "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
       document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

       ---------
       New text: (Section 2)
       ---------

       The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
       "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
       "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
       BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
       capitals, as shown here.

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

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    3.49.3.  Solution Description

       The text has been updated to the text specified in [RFC8174].

    3.50.  Removal of Text (Previously Missed in RFC 4960)

    3.50.1.  Description of the Problem

       When integrating the changes to Section 7.2.4 of [RFC2960] as
       described in Section 2.8.2 of [RFC4460], some text was not removed
       and is therefore still in [RFC4960].

    3.50.2.  Text Changes to the Document

       ---------
       Old text: (Section 7.2.4)
       ---------

       A straightforward implementation of the above keeps a counter for
       each TSN hole reported by a SACK.  The counter increments for each
       consecutive SACK reporting the TSN hole.  After reaching 3 and
       starting the Fast-Retransmit procedure, the counter resets to 0.
       Because cwnd in SCTP indirectly bounds the number of outstanding
       TSN's, the effect of TCP Fast Recovery is achieved automatically with
       no adjustment to the congestion control window size.

       ---------
       New text: (Section 7.2.4)
       ---------

       This text is in final form and is not further updated in this
       document.

    3.50.3.  Solution Description

       The text has finally been removed.

    4.  IANA Considerations

       Section 3.44 of this document suggests new text that would update the
       "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry" for SCTP
       to be consistent with [RFC6335].

       IANA has confirmed that it is OK to make the proposed text change in
       an upcoming Standards Track document that will update [RFC4960].
       IANA is not asked to perform any other action, and this document does
       not request that IANA make a change to any registry.

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    5.  Security Considerations

       This document does not add any security considerations to those given
       in [RFC4960].

    6.  References

    6.1.  Normative References

       [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                  Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

       [RFC4960]  Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
                  RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.

       [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
                  2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
                  May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

    6.2.  Informative References

       [RFC1122]  Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
                  Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

       [RFC1858]  Ziemba, G., Reed, D., and P. Traina, "Security
                  Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC1858, October 1995,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1858>.

       [RFC2960]  Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C.,
                  Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M.,
                  Zhang, L., and V. Paxson, "Stream Control Transmission
                  Protocol", RFC 2960, DOI 10.17487/RFC2960, October 2000,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2960>.

       [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
                  of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
                  RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.

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       [RFC4460]  Stewart, R., Arias-Rodriguez, I., Poon, K., Caro, A., and
                  M. Tuexen, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
                  Specification Errata and Issues", RFC 4460,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC4460, April 2006,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4460>.

       [RFC5681]  Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion
                  Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.

       [RFC6096]  Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "Stream Control Transmission
                  Protocol (SCTP) Chunk Flags Registration", RFC 6096,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC6096, January 2011,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6096>.

       [RFC6298]  Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., and M. Sargent,
                  "Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer", RFC 6298,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC6298, June 2011,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6298>.

       [RFC6335]  Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
                  Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
                  Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
                  Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
                  RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.

       [RFC7053]  Tuexen, M., Ruengeler, I., and R. Stewart, "SACK-
                  IMMEDIATELY Extension for the Stream Control Transmission
                  Protocol", RFC 7053, DOI 10.17487/RFC7053, November 2013,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7053>.

       [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
                  Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
                  RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

       [RFC8311]  Black, D., "Relaxing Restrictions on Explicit Congestion
                  Notification (ECN) Experimentation", RFC 8311,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC8311, January 2018,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8311>.

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    Acknowledgements

       The authors wish to thank Pontus Andersson, Eric W. Biederman, Cedric
       Bonnet, Spencer Dawkins, Gorry Fairhurst, Benjamin Kaduk, Mirja
       Kuehlewind, Peter Lei, Gyula Marosi, Lionel Morand, Jeff Morriss,
       Karen E. E. Nielsen, Tom Petch, Kacheong Poon, Julien Pourtet, Irene
       Ruengeler, Michael Welzl, and Qiaobing Xie for their invaluable
       comments.

    Authors' Addresses

       Randall R. Stewart
       Netflix, Inc.
       Chapin, SC  29036
       United States of America

       Email: randall@lakerest.net

       Michael Tuexen
       Muenster University of Applied Sciences
       Stegerwaldstrasse 39
       48565 Steinfurt
       Germany

       Email: tuexen@fh-muenster.de

       Maksim Proshin
       Ericsson
       Kistavaegen 25
       Stockholm  164 80
       Sweden

       Email: mproshin@tieto.mera.ru

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