    Network Working Group                                       G. Carpenter
    Request for Comments: 1228                                     B. Wijnen
                                      T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corp.
                                                                    May 1991

                                    SNMP-DPI
                       Simple Network Management Protocol
                         Distributed Program Interface

    Status of this Memo

       This RFC describes a protocol that International Business Machines
       Corporation (IBM) has been implementing in most of its SNMP agents to
       allow dynamic extension of supported MIBs.  This is an Experimental
       Protocol for the Internet community.  Discussion and suggestions for
       improvement are requested.  Please refer to the current edition of
       the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" for the standardization state
       and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

    ABSTRACT

       The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) [1] Distributed Program
       Interface (DPI) is an extension to SNMP agents that permits end-users
       to dynamically add, delete or replace management variables in the
       local Management Information Base without requiring recompilation of
       the SNMP agent.  This is achieved by writing a so-called sub-agent
       that communicates with the agent via the SNMP-DPI.

       For the author of a sub-agent, the SNMP-DPI eliminates the need to
       know the details of ASN.1 [2] or SNMP PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
       encoding/decoding [1, 3].

       This protocol has been in use within IBM since 1989 and is included
       in the SNMP agents for VM, MVS and OS/2.

       Potentially useful sample sub-agent code and implementation examples
       are available for anonymous FTP from the University of Toronto.

    MOTIVATION

       The Simple Network Management Protocol [1] defines a protocol that
       permits operations on a collection of variables.  This set of
       variables is called the Management Information Base (MIB) and a core
       set of variables has previously been defined [4, 5]; however, the
       design of the MIB makes provision for extension of this core set.
       Thus, an enterprise or individual can define variables of their own
       which represent information of use to them.  An example of a

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 1]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       potentially interesting variable which is not in the core MIB would
       be CPU utilization (percent busy).  Unfortunately, conventional SNMP
       agent implementations provide no means for an end-user to make
       available new variables.

       The SNMP DPI addresses this issue by providing a light-weight
       mechanism by which a process can register the existence of a MIB
       variable with the SNMP agent.  When requests for the variable are
       received by the SNMP agent, it will pass the query on to the process
       acting as a sub-agent.  This sub-agent then returns an appropriate
       answer to the SNMP agent.  The SNMP agent eventually packages an SNMP
       response packet and sends the answer back to the remote network
       management station that initiated the request.

       None of the remote network management stations have any knowledge
       that the SNMP agent calls on other processes to obtain an answer.  As
       far as they can tell, there is only one network management
       application running on the host.

    THEORY OF OPERATION

    CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

       Communication between the SNMP Agent and its clients (sub-agents)
       takes place over a stream connection.  This is typically a TCP
       connection, but other stream-oriented transport mechanisms can be
       used.  As an example, the VM SNMP agent allows DPI connections over
       IUCV (Inter-User Communications Vehicle) [6, 7].  Other than the
       connection establishment procedure, the protocol used is identical in
       these environments.

    REGISTRATION

       Regardless of the connection-oriented transport mechanism used, after
       establishing a connection to the SNMP agent, the sub-agent registers
       the set of variables it supports.  Finally, when all the variable
       classes have been registered, the sub-agent then waits for requests
       from the SNMP agent or generates traps as required.

    DPI ARCHITECTURE

       There are three requests that can be initiated by the SNMP agent:
       GET, GET-NEXT and SET.  These correspond directly to the three SNMP
       requests that a network management station can make.  The sub-agent
       responds to a request with a RESPONSE packet.

       There are currently two requests that can be initiated by a sub-
       agent: REGISTER and TRAP.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 2]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    *---------------------------------*
    |  SNMP Network                   |
    |  Management Station             |
    |                                 |
    |---------------------------------|
    |  SNMP Protocol                  |
    *---------------------------------*
          A      | Get         A
          |      | GetNext     |  GetResponse
     Trap |      | Set         |
          |      V             |
    *---------------------------------*            *----------------------*
    |     SNMP Protocol               |            |   DPI Interface      |
    |---------------------------------|  Reply     |    *-----------------|
    |                        |        |<-----------|    |                 |
    |     SNMP Agent         |        |            |    |   Client        |
    |     A      *-----------+->      | MIB query  |    |                 |
    |     |      | Get/Set   |        |----------->|    |     or          |
    | Trap|      | info      |  SNMP  |            |    |                 |
    |-----+------+-------*   |        |  trap      |    |   SNMP          |
    |     |      V       |   |  DPI   |<-----------|    |   Sub-Agent     |
    | TCP/IP layers,     |   |        |            |    |                 |
    | Kernel             |   |        |<-----------|    |                 |
    *---------------------------------*  Register  *----------------------*

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Figure 1. SNMP DPI overview

    Remarks for Figure 1:

       o   The SNMP agent communicates with the SNMP manager via the
           standard SNMP protocol.
       o   The SNMP agent communicates with the TCP/IP layers and kernel
           (operating system) in an implementation-dependent manner.  It
           potentially implements the standard MIB view in this way.
       o   An SNMP sub-agent, running as a separate process (potentially
           even on another machine), can register objects with the SNMP
           agent.
       o   The SNMP agent will decode SNMP Packets.  If such a packet
           contains a Get/GetNext or Set request for an object registered
           by a sub-agent, it will send the request to the sub-agent via
           the corresponding query packet.
       o   The SNMP sub-agent sends responses back via a RESPONSE packet.
       o   The SNMP agent then encodes the reply into an SNMP packet and
           sends it back to the requesting SNMP manager.
       o   If the sub-agent wants to report an important state change, it

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 3]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

           sends a TRAP packet to the SNMP agent, which will encode it
           into an SNMP trap packet and send it to the manager(s).

    SNMP DPI PROTOCOL

       This section describes the actual protocol used between the SNMP
       agent and sub-agents.  This information has not previously been
       published.

    CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

       In a TCP/IP environment, the SNMP agent listens on an arbitrary TCP
       port for a connection request from a sub-agent.  It is important to
       realize that a well-known port is not used:  every invocation of the
       SNMP agent will potentially result in a different TCP port being
       used.

       A sub-agent needs to determine this port number to establish a
       connection.  The sub-agent learns the port number from the agent by
       sending it one conventional SNMP get-request PDU.   The port number
       is maintained by the SNMP agent as the object whose identifier is
       1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.0; this variable is registered under the IBM
       enterprise-specific tree.  The SNMP agent replies with a conventional
       SNMP response PDU that contains the port number to be used.  This
       response is examined by the sub-agent and the port number is
       extracted.  The sub-agent then establishes the connection to the
       specified port.

       On the surface, this procedure appears to mean that the sub-agent
       must be able to create and parse SNMP packets, but this is not the
       case.  The DPI Application Program Interface (API) has a library
       routine, query_DPI_port(), which can be used to generate and parse
       the required SNMP packets.  This routine is very small (under 100
       lines of C), so it does not greatly increase the size of any sub-
       agent).

       For completeness, byte-by-byte descriptions of the packets generated
       by the SNMP DPI API routine query_DPI_port() are provided below.
       This is probably of little interest to most readers and reading the
       source to query_DPI_port() provides much of the same information.

    SNMP PDU TO GET THE AGENT'S DPI PORT

       As noted, before a TCP connection to the SNMP agent can be made, the
       sub-agent must learn which TCP port that the agent is listening on.
       To do so, it can issue an SNMP GET for an IBM enterprise-specific
       variable 1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.0.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 4]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       NOTE:  the object instance of ".0" is included for clarity in this
       document.

       The SNMP PDU can be constructed as shown below.  This PDU must be
       sent to UDP port 161 on the host where the agent runs (probably the
       same host where the sub-agent runs).

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 5]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 1. SNMP PDU for GET DPI_port.  This is the layout of an SNMP   |
    |          PDU for GET DPI_port                                        |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | OFFSET          | VALUE           | FIELD                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 0               | 0x30            | ASN.1 header                     |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 1               | 34 + len        | pdu_length, see formula below    |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 2               | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | version (integer, length=1,      |
    |                 | 0x04            | value=0), community name         |
    |                 |                 | (string)                         |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 6               | len             | length of community name         |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7               | community name  |                                  |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len         | 0xa0 0x1b       | SNMP GET request:                |
    |                 |                 | request_type=0xa0, length=0x1b   |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 2     | 0x02 0x01 0x01  | SNMP request ID: integer,        |
    |                 |                 | length=1, ID=1                   |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 5     | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | SNMP error status: integer,      |
    |                 |                 | length=1, error=0                |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 8     | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | SNMP index: integer, length=1,   |
    |                 |                 | index=0                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 11    | 0x30 0x10       | Varbind list, length=0x10        |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 13    | 0x30 0x0e       | Varbind, length=0x0e             |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 15    | 0x06 0x0a       | Object ID, length=0x0a           |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 17    | 0x2b 0x06 0x01  | Object instance:                 |
    |                 | 0x04 0x01 0x02  | 1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.0            |
    |                 | 0x02 0x01 0x01  |                                  |
    |                 | 0x00            |                                  |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 27    | 0x05 0x00       | null value, length=0             |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    The formula to calculate the length field "pdu_length" is as follows:

      pdu_length =   length of version field and string tag (4 bytes)

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 6]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

                 +   length of community length field (1 byte)
                 +   length of community name (depends...)
                 +   length of SNMP GET request (29 bytes)

                 =   34 + length of community name

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 7]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    SNMP PDU CONTAINING THE RESPONSE TO THE GET

    Assuming that no errors occured, then the port is returned in the last 2
    octets of the received packet.  The format of the packet is shown below:

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 2. SNMP RESPONSE PDU for GET of Agent's DPI port.  This is the |
    |          layout of an SNMP RESPONSE PDU for GET DPI_port             |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | OFFSET          | VALUE           | FIELD                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 0               | 0x30            | ASN.1 header                     |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 1               | 36 + len        | length, see formula below        |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 2               | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | version (integer, length=1,      |
    |                 | 0x04            | value=0), community name         |
    |                 |                 | (string)                         |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 6               | len             | length of community name         |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7               | community name  |                                  |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len         | 0xa2 0x1d       | SNMP RESPONSE:                   |
    |                 |                 | request_type=0xa2, length=0x1d   |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 2     | 0x02 0x01 0x01  | SNMP request ID: integer,        |
    |                 |                 | length=1, ID=1                   |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 5     | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | SNMP error status: integer,      |
    |                 |                 | length=1, error=0                |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 8     | 0x02 0x01 0x00  | SNMP index: integer, length=1,   |
    |                 |                 | index=0                          |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 11    | 0x30 0x12       | Varbind list, length=0x12        |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 13    | 0x30 0x10       | Varbind, length=0x10             |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 15    | 0x06 0x0a       | Object ID, length=0x0a           |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 8]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 2. SNMP RESPONSE PDU for GET of Agent's DPI port.  This is the |
    |          layout of an SNMP RESPONSE PDU for GET DPI_port             |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | OFFSET          | VALUE           | FIELD                            |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 17    | 0x2b 0x06 0x01  | Object instance:                 |
    |                 | 0x04 0x01 0x02  | 1.3.6.1.4.1.2.2.1.1.0            |
    |                 | 0x02 0x01 0x01  |                                  |
    |                 | 0x00            |                                  |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 27    | 0x02 0x02       | integer, length=2                |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 29    | msb lsb         | port number (msb, lsb)           |
    +-----------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    The formula to calculate the length field "pdu_length" is as follows:

      pdu_length =   length of version field and string tag (4 bytes)
                 +   length of community length field (1 byte)
                 +   length of community name (depends...)
                 +   length of SNMP RESPONSE (31 bytes)

                 =   36 + length of community name

    SNMP DPI PACKET FORMATS

       Each request to or response from the agent is constructed as a
       "packet" and is written to the stream.

       Each packet is prefaced with the length of the data remaining in the
       packet.  The length is stored in network byte order (most significant
       byte first, least significant last).  The receiving side will read
       the packet by doing something similar to:

          unsigned char len_bfr[2];
          char *bfr;
          int len;

          read(fd,len_bfr,2);
          len = len_bfr[0] * 256 + len_bfr[1];
          bfr = malloc(len);
          read(fd,bfr,len);

       NOTE:  the above example makes no provisions for error handling or a
       read returning less than the requested amount of data.  This is not a
       suggested coding style.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                              [Page 9]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       The first part of every packet identifies the application protocol
       being used, as well as some version information.  The protocol major
       version is intended to indicate in broad terms what version of the
       protocol is used.  The protocol minor version is intended to identify
       major incompatible versions of the protocol.  The protocol release is
       intended to indicate incremental modifications to the protocol.  The
       constants that are valid for these fields are defined in Table 10 on
       page 18.

       The next (common) field in all packets is the packet type.  This
       field indicates what kind of packet we're dealing with (SNMP DPI GET,
       GET-NEXT, SET, TRAP, RESPONSE or REGISTER).  The permitted values for
       this field are defined in Table 11 on page 18.

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 3. SNMP DPI packet header.  This header is present in all      |
    |          packets.                                                    |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type                                            |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    >From this point onwards, the contents of the packet are defined by the
    protocol being used.  The remainder of this section describes:

       o   the structure of packets for the SNMP DPI protocol, version 1.0.

       o   The constants as defined with this version of the protocol.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 10]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    REGISTER

       In order to register a branch in the MIB tree, an SNMP sub-agent
       sends an SNMP DPI REGISTER packet to the agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus REGISTER-
       specific data, which basically is a null terminated string
       representing the object ID in dotted ASN.1 notation (with a trailing
       dot!).

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 4. SNMP DPI REGISTER packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP    |
    |          DPI REGISTER packet                                         |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type = SNMP_DPI_REGISTER                        |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 11]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    GET

       When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP GET request for
       a variable that a sub-agent registered with the agent, it passes an
       SNMP DPI GET packet to the sub-agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus GET-specific
       data, which is basically a null terminated string representing the
       object ID in dotted ASN.1 notation.

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 5. SNMP DPI GET packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP DPI GET |
    |          packet                                                      |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type = SNMP_DPI_GET                             |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 12]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    GET-NEXT

       When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP GET-NEXT
       request for a variable for which a sub-agent may be authoritative, it
       passes an SNMP DPI GET-NEXT packet to the sub-agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus GET-NEXT-
       specific data.  These data take the form of two null terminated
       strings.  The first string represents the object ID in dotted ASN.1
       notation; the second string represents the group ID in dotted ASN.1
       notation.

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 6. SNMP DPI GET NEXT packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP    |
    |          DPI GET NEXT packet                                         |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type = SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT                        |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6 + len     | null terminated group ID                               |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | NOTE:  len=strlen(object ID)+1                                       |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 13]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    SET

       When the SNMP agent receives a PDU containing an SNMP SET request for
       a variable that a sub-agent registered with the agent, it passes an
       SNMP DPI SET packet to the sub-agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus SET specific
       data, which is basically a null terminated string representing the
       object ID in ASN.1 notation, with the type, value length and value to
       be set.  The permitted types for the type field are defined in Table
       12 on page 19.  Integer values are sent as 4-byte elements in network
       byte order (most significant byte first, least significant byte
       last).

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 7. SNMP DPI SET packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP DPI SET |
    |          packet                                                      |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type = SNMP_DPI_SET                             |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6 + len     | SNMP Variable Type Value                               |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6 + len + 1 | Length of value (MSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6 + len + 2 | Length of value (LSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6 + len + 3 | Value                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | NOTE:  len=strlen(object ID)+1                                       |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 14]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    RESPONSE

       An SNMP sub-agent must respond to a GET, GET_NEXT or SET request that
       it has received from the agent (unless it fails or has a bug).  To do
       so, it sends an SNMP DPI RESPONSE packet to the agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus RESPONSE
       specific data, which basically is an error_code plus (if there was no
       error), the name/type/value tuple representing the returned object.
       This is described as by a string representing the object ID in ASN.1
       notation, plus the type, value length and value of the object that
       was manipulated.  The permitted types for the type field are defined
       in Table 12 on page 19.  Integer values are sent as 4-byte elements
       in network byte order (most significant byte first, least significant
       byte last).

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 15]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 8. SNMP DPI RESPONSE packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP    |
    |          DPI RESPONSE packet                                         |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type = SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE                        |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | SNMP error code                                        |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7 + len     | SNMP Variable Type Value                               |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 1 | Length of value (MSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 2 | Length of value (LSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7 + len + 3 | Value                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | NOTE:  len=strlen(object ID)+1                                       |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    TRAP

       An SNMP sub-agent can request the agent to generate a TRAP by sending
       an SNMP DPI TRAP packet to the agent.

       Such a packet contains the standard SNMP DPI header plus TRAP
       specific data, which is basically the generic and specific trap code,
       plus a name/type/value tuple.  The tuple is described by a string
       representing the object ID in ASN.1 notation, plus the type, value
       length and value of the object that is being sent in the trap.  The
       permitted types for the type field are defined in Table 12 on page
       19.  Integer values are sent as 4-byte elements in network byte order
       (most significant byte first, least significant byte last).

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 16]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 9. SNMP DPI TRAP packet.  This is the layout of an SNMP DPI    |
    |          TRAP packet                                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | OFFSET      | FIELD                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0           | packet length to follow (MSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1           | packet length to follow (LSB)                          |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2           | protocol major version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3           | protocol minor version                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4           | protocol release                                       |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5           | packet type - SNMP_DPI_TRAP                            |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6           | SNMP generic trap code                                 |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 7           | SNMP specific trap code                                |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 8           | null terminated object ID                              |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 8 + len     | SNMP Variable Type Value                               |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 8 + len + 1 | Length of value (MSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 8 + len + 2 | Length of value (LSB)                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | 8 + len + 3 | Value                                                  |
    +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | NOTE:  len=strlen(object ID)+1                                       |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 17]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    CONSTANTS AND VALUES

       This section describes the constants that have been defined for this
       version of the SNMP DPI Protocol.

    PROTOCOL VERSION AND RELEASE VALUES

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 10. Protocol version and release values                        |
    +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | FIELD                             | VALUE                            |
    +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | protocol major version            | 2 (SNMP DPI protocol)            |
    +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | protocol minor version            | 1 (version 1)                    |
    +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
    | protocol release                  | 0 (release 0)                    |
    +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Any other values are currently undefined.

    PACKET TYPE VALUES

       The packet type field can have the following values:

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 11. Valid values for the packet type field                     |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | VALUE | PACKET TYPE                                                  |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1     | SNMP_DPI_GET                                                 |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2     | SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT                                            |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3     | SNMP_DPI_SET                                                 |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4     | SNMP_DPI_TRAP                                                |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5     | SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE                                            |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 6     | SNMP_DPI_REGISTER                                            |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 18]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    VARIABLE TYPE VALUES

       The variable type field can have the following values:

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 12. Valid values for the Value Type field                      |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | VALUE | VALUE TYPE                                                   |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0     | text representation                                          |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 129   | number (integer)                                             |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2     | octet string                                                 |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3     | object identifier                                            |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4     | empty (no value)                                             |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 133   | internet address                                             |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 134   | counter (unsigned)                                           |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 135   | gauge (unsigned)                                             |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 136   | time ticks (1/100ths seconds)                                |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 9     | display string                                               |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

       NOTE:  Fields which represent values that are stored as a 4-byte
       integer are indicated by ORing their base type value with 128.

    Error Code Values for SNMP Agent Detected Errors

       The error code can have one of the following values:

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 19]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Table 13. Valid values for the SNMP Agent Minor Error Code field     |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | VALUE | SNMP AGENT ERROR CODE                                        |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0     | no error                                                     |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 1     | too big                                                      |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 2     | no such name                                                 |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 3     | bad value                                                    |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 4     | read only                                                    |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 5     | general error                                                |
    +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
    +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

    SNMP DPI APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE

       This section documents an API that implements the SNMP DPI.  This
       information has been previously published [6, 8], but the information
       provided below is more current as of May 14, 1991.

    OVERVIEW OF REQUEST PROCESSING

    GET PROCESSING

       A GET request is the easiest to process.  When the DPI packet is
       parsed, the parse tree holds the object ID of the variable being
       requested.

       If the specified object is not supported by the sub-agent, it would
       return an error indication of "no such name".  No name/type/value
       information would be returned.

            unsigned char *cp;

            cp = mkDPIresponse(SNMP_NO_SUCH_NAME,0);

       If the object is recognized, then the sub-agent creates a parse tree
       representing the name/type/value of the object in question (using the
       DPI API routine mkDPIset()), and returns no error indication.  This
       is demonstrated below (a string is being returned).

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 20]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

            char *obj_id;

            unsigned char *cp;
            struct dpi_set_packet *ret_value;
            char *data;

            /* obj_id = object ID of variable, like 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1 */
            /* should be identical to object ID sent in get request */
            data = "a string to be returned";
            ret_value = mkDPIset(obj_id,SNMP_TYPE_STRING,
                            strlen(data)+1,data);
            cp = mkDPIresponse(0,ret_value);

    SET PROCESSING

       Processing a SET request is only slightly more difficult than a GET
       request.  In this case, additional information is made available in
       the parse tree, namely the type, length and value to be set.

       The sub-agent may return an error indication of "no such name" if the
       variable is unrecognized, just as in a GET request.  If the variable
       is recognized, but cannot be set, an error indication of "no such
       name" should be also be returned, although it is tempting to return a
       "read only" error.

    GET NEXT PROCESSING

       GET-NEXT requests are the most complicated requests to process.
       After parsing a GET-NEXT request, the parse tree will contain two
       parameters.  One is the object ID on which the GET-NEXT operation is
       being performed.  The semantics of the operation are that the sub-
       agent is to return the name/type/value of the next variable it
       supports whose name lexicographically follows the passed object ID.

       It is important to realize that a given sub-agent may support several
       discontiguous sections of the MIB tree.  In such a situation it would
       be incorrect to jump from one section to another.  This problem is
       correctly handled by examining the second parameter which is passed.
       This parameter represents the "reason" why the sub-agent is being
       called.  It holds the prefix of the tree that the sub-agent had
       indicated it supported.

       If the next variable supported by the sub-agent does not begin with
       that prefix, the sub-agent must return an error indication of "no
       such name".  If required, the SNMP agent will call upon the sub-agent
       again, but pass it a different group prefix.  This is illustrated in
       the discussion below:

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 21]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       Assume there are two sub-agents.  The first sub-agent registers two
       distinct sections of the tree, A and C.  In reality, the sub-agent
       supports variables A.1 and A.2, but it correctly registers the
       minimal prefix required to uniquely identify the variable class it
       supports.

       The second sub-agent registers a different section, B, which appears
       between the two sections registered by the first agent.

       If a remote management station begins dumping the MIB, starting from
       A, the following sequence of queries would be performed:

         Sub-agent 1 gets called:
                get-next(A,A) == A.1
                get-next(A.1,A) = A.2
                get-next(A.2,A) = error(no such name)

         Sub-agent 2 is then called:
                get-next(A.2,B) = B.1
                get-next(B.1,B) = error(no such name)

         Sub-agent 1 gets called again:
                get-next(B.1,C) = C.1

    REGISTER REQUESTS

       A sub-agent must register the variables it supports with the SNMP
       agent.  The appropriate packets may be created using the DPI API
       library routine mkDPIregister().

             unsigned char *cp;

             cp = mkDPIregister("1.3.6.1.2.1.1.2.");

    NOTE:  object IDs are registered with a trailing dot (".").

    TRAP REQUESTS

       A sub-agent can request that the SNMP agent generate a trap for it.
       The sub-agent must provide the desired values for the generic and
       specific parameters of the trap.  It may optionally provide a
       name/type/value parameter that will be included in the trap packet.
       The DPI API library routine mkDPItrap() can be used to generate the
       required packet.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 22]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    DPI API LIBRARY ROUTINES

       This section documents Application Program Interfaces to the DPI.

       QUERY_DPI_PORT()

         int port;
         char *hostname, *community_name;

         port = query_DPI_port(hostname, community_name);

       The query_DPI_port() function is used by a DPI client to determine
       what TCP port number is associated with the DPI.  This port number is
       needed to connect() to the SNMP agent.  If the port cannot be
       determined, -1 is returned.

       The function is passed two arguments:  a string representing the
       host's name or IP address and the community name to be used when
       making the request.

       This function enables a DPI client to "bootstrap" itself.  The port
       number is obtained via an SNMP GET request, but the DPI client does
       not have to be able to create and parse SNMP packets--this is all
       done by the query_DPI_port() function.

       NOTE:  the query_DPI_port() function assumes that the community name
       does not contain any null characters.  If this is not the case, use
       the _query_DPI_port() function which takes a third parameter, the
       length of the community name.

    MKDPIREGISTER

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         unsigned char *packet;
         int len;

         /* register sysDescr variable */
         packet = mkDPIregister("1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.");

         len = *packet * 256 + *(packet + 1);
         len += 2;  /* include length bytes */

       The mkDPIregister() function creates the necessary register-request
       packet and returns a pointer to a static buffer holding the packet
       contents.  The null pointer (0) is returned if there is an error
       detected during the creation of the packet.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 23]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       The length of the remainder packet is stored in the first two bytes
       of the packet, as demonstrated in the example above.

       NOTE:  object identifiers are registered with a trailing dot (".").

    MKDPISET

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         struct dpi_set_packet *set_value;

         char *obj_id;
         int type, length;
         char *value;

         set_value = mkDPIset(obj_id, type, length, value);

       The mkDPIset() function can be used to create the portion of a parse
       tree that represents a name/value pair (as would be normally be
       returned in a response packet).  It returns a pointer to a
       dynamically allocated parse tree representing the name/type/value
       information.  If there is an error detected while creating the parse
       tree, the null pointer (0) is returned.

       The value of type can be one of the following (which are defined in
       the include file "snmp_dpi.h"):

          o   SNMP_TYPE_NUMBER
          o   SNMP_TYPE_STRING
          o   SNMP_TYPE_OBJECT
          o   SNMP_TYPE_INTERNET
          o   SNMP_TYPE_COUNTER
          o   SNMP_TYPE_GAUGE
          o   SNMP_TYPE_TICKS

       The value parameter is always a pointer to the first byte of the
       object's value.

       NOTE:  the parse tree is dynamically allocated and copies are made of
       the passed parameters.  After a successful call to mkDPIset(), they
       can be disposed of in any manner the application chooses without
       affecting the parse tree contents.

    MKDPIRESPONSE

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         unsigned char *packet;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 24]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

         int error_code;
         struct dpi_set_packet *ret_value;

         packet = mkDPIresponse(error_code, ret_value);

         len = *packet * 256 + *(packet + 1);
         len += 2;  /* include length bytes */

       The mkDPIresponse() function creates an appropriate response packet.
       It takes two parameters.  The first is the error code to be returned.
       It may be 0 (indicating no error) or one of the following (which are
       defined in the include file "snmp_dpi.h"):

          o   SNMP_NO_ERROR
          o   SNMP_TOO_BIG
          o   SNMP_NO_SUCH_NAME
          o   SNMP_BAD_VALUE
          o   SNMP_READ_ONLY
          o   SNMP_GEN_ERR

       If the error code indicates no error, then the second parameter is a
       pointer to a parse tree (created by mkDPIset()) which represents the
       name/type/value information being returned.  If an error is
       indicated, the second parameter is passed as a null pointer (0).

       If the packet can be created, a pointer to a static buffer containing
       the packet contents is returned.  This is the same buffer used by
       mkDPIregister().  If an error is encountered while creating the
       packet, the null pointer (0) is returned.

       The length of the remainder packet is stored in the first two bytes
       of the packet, as demonstrated in the example above.

       NOTE:  mkDPIresponse() always frees the passed parse tree.

    MKDPITRAP

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         unsigned char *packet;

         int generic, specific;
         struct dpi_set_packet *ret_value;

         packet = mkDPItrap(generic, specific, ret_value);

         len = *packet * 256 + *(packet + 1);
         len += 2;  /* include length bytes */

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 25]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       The mkDPItrap() function creates an appropriate trap request packet.
       The first two parameters correspond to to value of the generic and
       specific fields in the SNMP trap packet.  The third field can be used
       to pass a name/value pair to be provided in the SNMP trap packet.
       This information is passed as the set-packet portion of the parse
       tree.  As an example, a linkDown trap for interface 3 might be
       generated by the following:

         struct dpi_set_packet *if_index_value;
         unsigned long data;
         unsigned char *packet;
         int len;

         data = 3;  /* interface number = 3 */
         if_index_value = mkDPIset("1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1", SNMP_TYPE_NUMBER,
                 sizeof(unsigned long), &data);
         packet = mkDPItrap(2, 0, if_index_value);
         len = *packet * 256 + *(packet + 1);
         len += 2;  /* include length bytes */
         write(fd,packet,len);

       If the packet can be created, a pointer to a static buffer containing
       the packet contents is returned.  This is the same buffer used by
       mkDPIregister().  If an error is encountered while creating the
       packet, the null pointer (0) is returned.

       The length of the remainder packet is stored in the first two bytes
       of the packet, as demonstrated in the example above.

       NOTE:  mkDPItrap() always frees the passed parse tree.

    PDPIPACKET

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         unsigned char *packet;

         struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;

         hdr = pDPIpacket(packet)

       The pDPIpacket() function parses a DPI packet and returns a parse
       tree representing its contents.  The parse tree is dynamically
       allocated and contains copies of the information within the DPI
       packet.  After a successful call to pDPIpacket(), the packet may be
       disposed of in any manner the application chooses without affecting
       the contents of the parse tree.  If an error is encountered during
       the parse, the null pointer (0) is returned.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 26]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       NOTE:  the relevant parse tree structures are defined in the include
       file "snmp_dpi.h", and that file remains the definitive reference.

       The root of the parse tree is represented by a snmp_dpi_hdr
       structure:

         struct snmp_dpi_hdr {
             unsigned char  proto_major;
             unsigned char  proto_minor;
             unsigned char  proto_release;

             unsigned char  packet_type;
             union {
                  struct dpi_get_packet    *dpi_get;
                  struct dpi_next_packet   *dpi_next;
                  struct dpi_set_packet    *dpi_set;
                  struct dpi_resp_packet   *dpi_response;
                  struct dpi_trap_packet   *dpi_trap;
             } packet_body;
         };

       The field of immediate interest is packet_type.  This field can have
       one of the following values (which are defined in the include file
       "snmp_dpi.h"):

          o   SNMP_DPI_GET
          o   SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT
          o   SNMP_DPI_SET

       The packet_type field indicates what request is being made of the DPI
       client.  For each of these requests, the remainder of the packet_body
       will be different.

       If a get request is indicated, the object ID of the desired variable
       is passed in a dpi_get_packet structure:

         struct dpi_get_packet {
             char *object_id;
         };

       A get-next request is similar, but the dpi_next_packet structure also
       contains the object ID prefix of the group that is currently being
       traversed:

         struct dpi_next_packet {
             char *object_id;
             char *group_id;
         };

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 27]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       If the next object whose object ID lexicographically follows the
       object ID indicated by object_id does not begin with the suffix
       indicated by group_id, the DPI client must return an error indication
       of SNMP_NO_SUCH_NAME.

       A set request has the most amount of data associated with it and this
       is contained in a dpi_set_packet structure:

         struct dpi_set_packet {
             char      *object_id;
             unsigned char  type;
             unsigned short value_len;
             char      *value;
         };

       The object ID of the variable to be modified is indicated by
       object_id The type of the variable is provided in type and may have
       one of the following values:

          o   SNMP_TYPE_NUMBER
          o   SNMP_TYPE_STRING
          o   SNMP_TYPE_OBJECT
          o   SNMP_TYPE_EMPTY
          o   SNMP_TYPE_INTERNET
          o   SNMP_TYPE_COUNTER
          o   SNMP_TYPE_GAUGE
          o   SNMP_TYPE_TICKS

       The length of the value to be set is stored in value_len and value
       contains a pointer to the value.

       NOTE:  the storage pointed to by value will be reclaimed when the
       parse tree is freed.  The DPI client must make provision for copying
       the value contents.

    FDPIPARSE

         #include "snmp_dpi.h"

         struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;

         fDPIparse(hdr);

       The routine fDPIparse() frees a parse tree previously created by a
       call to pDPIpacket This routine is declared as void--it has no return
       value.

       NOTE:  after calling fDPIparse(), no further references to the parse

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 28]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       tree can be made.

    AGENT IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

       Although the SNMP DPI protocol is completely documented in this
       paper, the document itself is somewhat biased towards clearly
       defining the interface provided to sub-agents (i.e., it provides a
       specification of a C language API).  This detailed coverage is
       possible because the client side of the interface is completely
       self-contained.

       The agent side of the interface has to be integrated into individual
       vendor implementations, many of which may have a unique
       organizational structure in an attempt to address various performance
       and storage constraints.  This makes it infeasible to provide much
       more than suggestions for SNMP agent implementers.  Unfortunately,
       this leaves room for a large amount of interpretation which can lead
       to implementations that don't necessarily work they way they should-
       -too much ambiguity can be a bad thing.

       The following characteristics of an agent implementation are to be
       considered mandatory:

    DUPLICATE REGISTRATIONS

       With this release of the protocol, order of registration is
       significant.  The last sub-agent to register a variable is the one
       that is deemed to be authoritative.  Variables implemented by the
       base SNMP agent are considered to have been registered prior to any
       sub-agent registrations.  Thus sub-agents may re-implement support
       for variables that were incorrectly implemented by a vendor.

    AUTOMATIC DEREGISTRATION ON CLOSE

       All SNMP DPI connections are carried over a stream connection.  When
       the connection is closed by the client (no matter what the cause),
       the agent must automatically unregister all of the variables that
       were registered by the sub-agent.

    TIMELY RESPONSE CONSTRAINTS

       A sub-agent must respond to a request in a timely fashion.  In this
       version of the protocol, we specify that a sub-agent must respond to
       a request by the SNMP agent within 5 seconds.  If the sub-agent does
       not respond in time, the SNMP agent should terminate the connection
       and unregister all of the variables that were previously registered
       by the sub-agent in question.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 29]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       NOTE:  agent implementations that do not have access to a timer may
       not be able to implement this.  In that case, they leave themselves
       open to being placed in a state where they are blocked forever if the
       sub-agent malfunctions.

    SUPPORT FOR MULTIPLE MIB VIEWS

       Some agents allow different MIB views to be selected based on the
       community name used.  It is not the intention of this document to
       pass judgement on the various approaches that have been proposed or
       implemented, but instead merely to recognize the existence of
       implementations that support this feature.

       The point of this discussion is to specify clearly that objects
       supported by an SNMP DPI sub-agent are to be registered under the MIB
       view that was selected by the community name used in the SNMP GET
       request that obtained the DPI_port value.

       The SNMP DPI does not specify a reserved port, but instead sub-agents
       bootstrap themselves by making an SNMP GET request for the DPI_port
       variable.  This variable represents the TCP port to which the sub-
       agent should connect.  It should be understood that there is no
       reason why the SNMP agent cannot have several listens (passive opens)
       active, each corresponding to a distinct MIB view.  The port number
       returned then would be different based on the community name used in
       the SNMP GET request for the DPI_port variable.

    CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NEXT RELEASE

       The SNMP DPI protocol makes provision for extension and parallel use
       of potentially incompatible releases.  The discussion above documents
       the protocol as it is currently in use and has not discussed features
       of interest that should be considered for a future revision.

    UNREGISTER

       For closure, an UNREGISTER request could be of use.

    SUPPORT FOR ATOMIC SETS

       The SNMP protocol [1] specifies that:

          Each variable assignment specified by the SetRequest-PDU should be
          effected as if simultaneously set with respect to all other
          assignments specified in the same message.

       The SNMP DPI has no provision for backing out a successfully
       processed SET request if one of the subsequent variable assignments

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 30]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

       fails.  This omission is a reflection of several biases:

       o   the SNMP DPI was intended to be light-weight.

       o   a belief that the SNMP RFC prescribes semantics which are infeasible
           to implement unless the range of applications is restricted.

       It has been suggested that a new request, TEST_SET, be added to the
       DPI protocol.  Processing of a SET request would then be performed as
       follows:

       o   all variables would be processed using TEST_SET unless any error
           occurred.  The subagents would verify that they could process the
           request.

       o   if no error occurred, each of the variables would be reprocessed,
           this time with a SET request.

       A problem with such an approach is that it relies on the TEST_SET
       operation to make an assertion that the request can be successfully
       performed.  If this is not possible, then it cannot be asserted that
       the prescribed semantics will be provided.  Such situations do exist,
       for example, a SET request that causes the far-end channel service
       unit to be looped up--one does not know if the operation will be
       successful until it is performed.

    SAMPLE SNMP DPI API IMPLEMENTATION

       The following C language sources show an example implementation of
       the SNMP DPI Application Programming Interface as it would be exposed
       to the sub-agents.

    SAMPLE SNMP DPI INCLUDE FILE

      /* SNMP distributed program interface */

      #define SNMP_DPI_GET            1
      #define SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT       2
      #define SNMP_DPI_SET            3
      #define SNMP_DPI_TRAP           4
      #define SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE       5
      #define SNMP_DPI_REGISTER       6

      #define SNMP_DPI_PROTOCOL       2
      #define SNMP_DPI_VERSION        1
      #define SNMP_DPI_RELEASE        0

      /* SNMP error codes from RFC 1098 (1067) */

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 31]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      #define SNMP_NO_ERROR           0
      #define SNMP_TOO_BIG            1
      #define SNMP_NO_SUCH_NAME       2
      #define SNMP_BAD_VALUE          3
      #define SNMP_READ_ONLY          4
      #define SNMP_GEN_ERR            5

      /* variable types */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_TEXT          0       /* textual representation */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_NUMBER        (128|1) /* number */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_STRING        2       /* text string */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_OBJECT        3       /* object identifier */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_EMPTY         4       /* no value */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_INTERNET      (128|5) /* internet address */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_COUNTER       (128|6) /* counter */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_GAUGE         (128|7) /* gauge */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_TICKS         (128|8) /* time ticks (1/100th sec) */
      #define SNMP_TYPE_MASK          0x7f    /* mask for type */

      struct dpi_get_packet {
              char    *object_id;
      };

      struct dpi_next_packet {
              char    *object_id;
              char    *group_id;
      };

      struct dpi_set_packet {
              char            *object_id;
              unsigned char   type;
              unsigned short  value_len;
              char            *value;
      };

      struct dpi_resp_packet {
              unsigned char   ret_code;
              struct dpi_set_packet   *ret_data;
      };

      struct dpi_trap_packet {
              unsigned char   generic;
              unsigned char   specific;
              struct dpi_set_packet   *info;
      };

      struct snmp_dpi_hdr {

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 32]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

              unsigned char   proto_major;
              unsigned char   proto_minor;
              unsigned char   proto_release;

              unsigned char   packet_type;
              union {
                      struct dpi_get_packet   *dpi_get;
                      struct dpi_next_packet  *dpi_next;
                      struct dpi_set_packet   *dpi_set;
                      struct dpi_resp_packet  *dpi_response;
                      struct dpi_trap_packet  *dpi_trap;
              } packet_body;
      };

      extern struct snmp_dpi_hdr *pDPIpacket();
      extern void fDPIparse();
      extern unsigned char *mkMIBquery();
      extern unsigned char *mkDPIregister();
      extern unsigned char *mkDPIresponse();
      extern unsigned char *mkDPItrap();
      extern struct dpi_set_packet *mkDPIset();

    SAMPLE QUERY_DPI_PORT() FUNCTION

      #ifdef VM

      #include <manifest.h>
      #include <snmp_vm.h>
      #include <bsdtime.h>
      #include <bsdtypes.h>
      #include <socket.h>
      #include <in.h>
      #include <netdb.h>
      #include <inet.h>

      #else

      #include <sys/time.h>
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>
      #include <netinet/in.h>
      #include <netdb.h>
      #include <arpa/inet.h>

      #endif

      static unsigned char asn1_hdr[] = {0x30};

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 33]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      /* insert length of remaining packet, not including this */
      static unsigned char version[] = {0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04};

      /* integer, len=1, value=0, string */
      /* insert community name length and community name */
      static unsigned char request[] = {
          0xa0, 0x1b,         /* get request, len=0x1b */
          0x02, 0x01, 0x01,   /* integer, len=1,request_id = 1 */
          0x02, 0x01, 0x00,   /* integer, len=1, error_status = 0 */
          0x02, 0x01, 0x00,   /* integer, len=1, error_index = 0 */
          0x30, 0x10,         /* varbind list, len=0x10 */
          0x30, 0x0e,         /* varbind , len=0x0e */
          0x06, 0x0a,         /* object ID, len=0x0a */
          0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00,
          0x05, 0x00          /* value, len = 0 */
      };

      static          extract_DPI_port();

      query_DPI_port(hostname, community_name)
      char           *hostname;
      char           *community_name;
      {
          int             community_len;
          int             rc;

          community_len = strlen(community_name);

          rc = _query_DPI_port(hostname, community_name, community_len);
          return (rc);
      }

      /* use if community_name has embedded nulls */

      _query_DPI_port(hostname, community_name, community_len)
      char           *hostname;
      char           *community_name;
      int             community_len;
      {
          unsigned char   packet[1024];
          int             packet_len;
          int             remaining_len;
          int             fd, rc, sock_len;
          struct sockaddr_in sock, dest_sock;
          struct timeval  timeout;
          unsigned long   host_addr, read_mask;
          int             tries;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 34]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          host_addr = lookup_host(hostname);
          packet_len = 0;
          bcopy(asn1_hdr, packet, sizeof(asn1_hdr));
          packet_len += sizeof(asn1_hdr);

          remaining_len = sizeof(version) + 1 +
            community_len + sizeof(request);

          packet[packet_len++] = remaining_len & 0xff;
          bcopy(version, packet + packet_len, sizeof(version));
          packet_len += sizeof(version);
          packet[packet_len++] = community_len & 0xff;
          bcopy(community_name, packet + packet_len, community_len);
          packet_len += community_len;
          bcopy(request, packet + packet_len, sizeof(request));
          packet_len += sizeof(request);

          fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
          if (fd < 0) {
          return (-1);
          }
          bzero(&sock, sizeof(sock));
          sock.sin_family = AF_INET;
          sock.sin_port = 0;
          sock.sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
          rc = bind(fd, &sock, sizeof(sock));
          if (rc < 0)
          return (-1);
          timeout.tv_sec = 3;
          timeout.tv_usec = 0;
          bzero(&dest_sock, sizeof(dest_sock));
          dest_sock.sin_family = AF_INET;
          dest_sock.sin_port = htons(161);
          dest_sock.sin_addr.s_addr = host_addr;

          tries = 0;
          while (++tries < 4) {
          rc = sendto(fd, packet, packet_len, 0, &dest_sock,
                   sizeof(dest_sock));
          read_mask = 1 << fd;
          rc = select(read_mask + 1, &read_mask, 0, 0, &timeout);
          if (rc <= 0)
              continue;
          sock_len = sizeof(dest_sock);
          packet_len = recvfrom(fd, packet, sizeof(packet), 0,
                          &dest_sock, &sock_len);
          if (packet_len <= 0) {
              return (-1);

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 35]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          }
          rc = extract_DPI_port(packet, packet_len);
          return (rc);
          }
          return (-1);
      }

      static          extract_DPI_port(packet, len)
      unsigned char   packet[];
      int             len;

      {
          int             offset;
          int             port;

          /* should do error checking (like for noSuchName) */
          offset = len - 2;
          port = (packet[offset] << 8) + packet[offset + 1];
          return (port);
      }

    SAMPLE DPI FUNCTIONS

      /* DPI parser */

      #ifdef VM
      #include "manifest.h"
      #endif

      #include "snmp_dpi.h"

      static struct dpi_get_packet *pDPIget();
      static struct dpi_next_packet *pDPInext();
      static struct dpi_set_packet *pDPIset();
      static struct dpi_trap_packet *pDPItrap();
      static struct dpi_resp_packet *pDPIresponse();

      static void     fDPIget();
      static void     fDPInext();
      static void     fDPIset();
      static void     fDPItrap();
      static void     fDPIresponse();

      static int      cDPIget();
      static int      cDPInext();
      static int      cDPIset();
      static int      cDPItrap();
      static int      cDPIresponse();

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 36]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      static struct snmp_dpi_hdr *mkDPIhdr();
      static struct dpi_get_packet *mkDPIget();
      static struct dpi_next_packet *mkDPInext();
      struct dpi_set_packet *mkDPIset();

      extern char    *malloc();

      static unsigned char new_packet[1024];
      static int      packet_len;

      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *pDPIpacket(packet)
      unsigned char  *packet;
      {
          struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
          int             len, offset;

          hdr = (struct snmp_dpi_hdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct snmp_dpi_hdr));
          if (hdr == 0)
              return (0);

          len = (packet[0] << 8) + packet[1];
          len += 2;
          offset = 2;
          hdr->proto_major = packet[offset++];
          hdr->proto_minor = packet[offset++];
          hdr->proto_release = packet[offset++];
          hdr->packet_type = packet[offset++];
          switch (hdr->packet_type) {
          case SNMP_DPI_GET:
          case SNMP_DPI_REGISTER:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_get =
                pDPIget(packet + offset, len - offset);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_next =
                pDPInext(packet + offset, len - offset);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_SET:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_set =
                pDPIset(packet + offset, len - offset);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_TRAP:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_trap =
                pDPItrap(packet + offset, len - offset);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE:

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 37]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

              hdr->packet_body.dpi_response =
                pDPIresponse(packet + offset, len - offset);
              break;
          }
          return (hdr);
      }

      static struct dpi_get_packet *pDPIget(packet, len)
      unsigned char  *packet;
      int             len;
      {
          struct dpi_get_packet *get;
          int             l;

          get = (struct dpi_get_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_get_packet));
          if (get == 0)
              return (0);
          l = strlen(packet) + 1;
          get->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(get->object_id, packet);
          return (get);
      }

      static struct dpi_next_packet *pDPInext(packet, len)
      unsigned char  *packet;
      int             len;
      {
          struct dpi_next_packet *next;
          int             l;
          unsigned char  *cp;

          next = (struct dpi_next_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_next_packet));
          if (next == 0)
              return (0);
          cp = packet;
          l = strlen(cp) + 1;
          next->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(next->object_id, cp);
          cp += l;
          l = strlen(cp) + 1;
          next->group_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(next->group_id, cp);
          return (next);
      }

      static struct dpi_set_packet *pDPIset(packet, len)

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 38]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      unsigned char  *packet;
      int             len;
      {
          struct dpi_set_packet *set;
          int             l;
          unsigned char  *cp;

          if (len == 0)
              return (0);     /* nothing to parse */
          set = (struct dpi_set_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_set_packet));
          if (set == 0)
              return (0);

          cp = packet;
          l = strlen(cp) + 1;
          set->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(set->object_id, cp);
          cp += l;
          set->type = *(cp++);
          l = (*(cp++) << 8);
          l += *(cp++);
          set->value_len = l;
          set->value = malloc(l);
          bcopy(cp, set->value, l);
          return (set);
      }

      static struct dpi_trap_packet *pDPItrap(packet, len)
      unsigned char  *packet;
      int             len;
      {
          struct dpi_trap_packet *trap;

          trap = (struct dpi_trap_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_trap_packet));
          if (trap == 0)
              return (0);

          trap->generic = *packet;
          trap->specific = *(packet + 1);
          trap->info = pDPIset(packet + 2, len - 2);
          return (trap);
      }

      static struct dpi_resp_packet *pDPIresponse(packet, len)
      unsigned char  *packet;
      int             len;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 39]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      {
          struct dpi_resp_packet *resp;

          resp = (struct dpi_resp_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_resp_packet));
          if (resp == 0)
              return (0);

          resp->ret_code = *packet;
          resp->ret_data = pDPIset(packet + 1, len - 1);
          return (resp);
      }

      void            fDPIparse(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          if (hdr == 0)
              return;
          switch (hdr->packet_type) {
          case SNMP_DPI_GET:
          case SNMP_DPI_REGISTER:
              fDPIget(hdr);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT:
              fDPInext(hdr);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_SET:
              fDPIset(hdr);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_TRAP:
              fDPItrap(hdr);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE:
              fDPIresponse(hdr);
              break;
          }
          free(hdr);
      }

      static void     fDPIget(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          struct dpi_get_packet *get;

          get = hdr->packet_body.dpi_get;
          if (get == 0)
              return;
          if (get->object_id)

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 40]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

              free(get->object_id);
          free(get);
      }

      static void     fDPInext(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          struct dpi_next_packet *next;

          next = hdr->packet_body.dpi_next;
          if (next == 0)
              return;
          if (next->object_id)
              free(next->object_id);
          if (next->group_id)
              free(next->group_id);
          free(next);
      }

      static void     fDPIset(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          struct dpi_set_packet *set;

          set = hdr->packet_body.dpi_set;
          if (set == 0)
              return;
          if (set->object_id)
              free(set->object_id);
          if (set->value)
              free(set->value);
          free(set);
      }

      static void     fDPItrap(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          struct dpi_trap_packet *trap;
          struct dpi_set_packet *set;

          trap = hdr->packet_body.dpi_trap;
          if (trap == 0)
              return;

          set = trap->info;
          if (set != 0) {
              if (set->object_id)
                  free(set->object_id);

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 41]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

              if (set->value)
                  free(set->value);
              free(set);
          }
          free(trap);
      }

      static void     fDPIresponse(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          struct dpi_resp_packet *resp;
          struct dpi_set_packet *set;

          resp = hdr->packet_body.dpi_response;
          if (resp == 0)
              return;

          set = resp->ret_data;
          if (set != 0) {
              if (set->object_id)
                  free(set->object_id);
              if (set->value)
                  free(set->value);
              free(set);
          }
          free(resp);
      }

      unsigned char  *cDPIpacket(hdr)
      struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
      {
          int             rc, len;
          if (hdr == 0) {
              return (0);
          }
          packet_len = 2;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = hdr->proto_major;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = hdr->proto_minor;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = hdr->proto_release;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = hdr->packet_type;
          switch (hdr->packet_type) {
          case SNMP_DPI_GET:
          case SNMP_DPI_REGISTER:
              rc = cDPIget(hdr->packet_body.dpi_get);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT:
              rc = cDPInext(hdr->packet_body.dpi_next);
              break;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 42]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          case SNMP_DPI_SET:
              rc = cDPIset(hdr->packet_body.dpi_set);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_TRAP:
              rc = cDPItrap(hdr->packet_body.dpi_trap);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE:
              rc = cDPIresponse(hdr->packet_body.dpi_response);
              break;
          }
          if (rc == -1)
              return (0);
          len = packet_len - 2;
          new_packet[1] = len & 0xff;
          len >>= 8;
          new_packet[0] = len & 0xff;
          return (new_packet);
      }

      static int      cDPIget(get)
      struct dpi_get_packet *get;
      {
          if (get->object_id == 0)
              return (-1);

          strcpy(&new_packet[packet_len], get->object_id);
          packet_len += strlen(get->object_id) + 1;
          return (0);
      }

      static int      cDPInext(next)
      struct dpi_next_packet *next;
      {
          if (next->object_id == 0)
              return (-1);
          if (next->group_id == 0)
              return (-1);

          strcpy(&new_packet[packet_len], next->object_id);
          packet_len += strlen(next->object_id) + 1;
          strcpy(&new_packet[packet_len], next->group_id);
          packet_len += strlen(next->group_id) + 1;
          return (0);
      }

      static int      cDPIset(set)
      struct dpi_set_packet *set;
      {

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 43]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          int             len;

          if (set->object_id == 0)
              return (-1);
          if ((set->value == 0) && (set->value_len != 0))
              return (-1);

          strcpy(&new_packet[packet_len], set->object_id);
          packet_len += strlen(set->object_id) + 1;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = set->type;
          len = set->value_len >> 8;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = len & 0xff;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = set->value_len & 0xff;
          bcopy(set->value, &new_packet[packet_len], set->value_len);
          packet_len += set->value_len;
          return (0);
      }

      static int      cDPIresponse(resp)
      struct dpi_resp_packet *resp;
      {
          int             rc;

          if (resp == 0)
              return (-1);

          new_packet[packet_len++] = resp->ret_code;
          if (resp->ret_data != 0) {
              rc = cDPIset(resp->ret_data);
          } else
              rc = 0;
          return (rc);
      }

      static int      cDPItrap(trap)
      struct dpi_trap_packet *trap;
      {
          int             rc;

          new_packet[packet_len++] = trap->generic;
          new_packet[packet_len++] = trap->specific;
          if (trap->info != 0)
              rc = cDPIset(trap->info);
          else
              rc = 0;
          return (rc);
      }

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 44]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

      unsigned char  *mkMIBquery(cmd, oid_name, group_oid, type, len, value)
      int             cmd;
      char           *oid_name, *group_oid;
      int             type, len;
      char           *value;
      {
          struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
          unsigned char  *cp;

          hdr = mkDPIhdr(cmd);
          if (hdr == 0)
              return (0);
          switch (hdr->packet_type) {
          case SNMP_DPI_GET:
          case SNMP_DPI_REGISTER:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_get = mkDPIget(oid_name);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_GET_NEXT:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_next = mkDPInext(oid_name, group_oid);
              break;
          case SNMP_DPI_SET:
              hdr->packet_body.dpi_set =
                mkDPIset(oid_name, type, len, value);
              break;
          }
          cp = cDPIpacket(hdr);
          fDPIparse(hdr);
          return (cp);
      }

      unsigned char  *mkDPIregister(oid_name)
      char           *oid_name;
      {
          return (mkMIBquery(SNMP_DPI_REGISTER, oid_name));
      }

      unsigned char  *mkDPIresponse(ret_code, value_list)
      int             ret_code;
      struct dpi_set_packet *value_list;
      {
          struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
          struct dpi_resp_packet *resp;
          unsigned char  *cp;

          hdr = mkDPIhdr(SNMP_DPI_RESPONSE);
          resp = (struct dpi_resp_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_resp_packet));
          if (resp == 0) {

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 45]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

              free(hdr);
              return (0);
          }
          hdr->packet_body.dpi_response = resp;
          resp->ret_code = ret_code;
          resp->ret_data = value_list;
          cp = cDPIpacket(hdr);
          fDPIparse(hdr);
          return (cp);
      }

      unsigned char  *mkDPItrap(generic, specific, value_list)
      int             generic, specific;
      struct dpi_set_packet *value_list;
      {
          struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;
          struct dpi_trap_packet *trap;
          unsigned char  *cp;

          hdr = mkDPIhdr(SNMP_DPI_TRAP);
          trap = (struct dpi_trap_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_trap_packet));
          if (trap == 0) {
              free(hdr);
              return (0);
          }
          hdr->packet_body.dpi_trap = trap;
          trap->generic = generic;
          trap->specific = specific;
          trap->info = value_list;
          cp = cDPIpacket(hdr);
          fDPIparse(hdr);
          return (cp);
      }

      static struct snmp_dpi_hdr *mkDPIhdr(type)
      int             type;
      {

          struct snmp_dpi_hdr *hdr;

          hdr = (struct snmp_dpi_hdr *) malloc(sizeof(struct snmp_dpi_hdr));
          if (hdr == 0)
              return (0);
          hdr->proto_major = SNMP_DPI_PROTOCOL;
          hdr->proto_minor = SNMP_DPI_VERSION;
          hdr->proto_release = SNMP_DPI_RELEASE;
          hdr->packet_type = type;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 46]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          return (hdr);
      }

      static struct dpi_get_packet *mkDPIget(oid_name)
      char           *oid_name;
      {
          struct dpi_get_packet *get;
          int             l;

          get = (struct dpi_get_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_get_packet));
          if (get == 0)
              return (0);

          l = strlen(oid_name) + 1;
          get->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(get->object_id, oid_name);
          return (get);
      }

      static struct dpi_next_packet *mkDPInext(oid_name, group_oid)
      char           *oid_name;
      char           *group_oid;
      {
          struct dpi_next_packet *next;
          int             l;

          next = (struct dpi_next_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_next_packet));
          if (next == 0)
              return (0);
          l = strlen(oid_name) + 1;
          next->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(next->object_id, oid_name);
          l = strlen(group_oid) + 1;
          next->group_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(next->group_id, group_oid);
          return (next);
      }

      struct dpi_set_packet *mkDPIset(oid_name, type, len, value)
      char           *oid_name;
      int             type;
      int             len;
      char           *value;
      {
          struct dpi_set_packet *set;
          int             l;

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 47]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

          set = (struct dpi_set_packet *)
            malloc(sizeof(struct dpi_set_packet));
          if (set == 0)
              return (0);

          l = strlen(oid_name) + 1;
          set->object_id = malloc(l);
          strcpy(set->object_id, oid_name);
          set->type = type;
          set->value_len = len;
          set->value = malloc(len);
          bcopy(value, set->value, len);
          return (set);
      }

    SAMPLE SOURCES FOR ANONYMOUS FTP

       The complete source to two SNMP DPI-related programs is available for
       anonymous ftp from the University of Toronto.  The host name to use
       is "vm.utcs.utoronto.ca" (128.100.100.2).  The files are in the
       "anonymou.204" minidisk, so one must issue a "cd anonymou.204" after
       having logged in.  Don't forget to use the binary transmission mode.

    The Ping Engine

       This program is an SNMP DPI sub-agent which allows network management
       stations to perform remote PINGs.  The source to this applications is
       in the file "ping_eng.tarbin".  The source to the SNMP DPI API is
       also contained within the archive.

    The DPI->SMUX daemon

       This program illustrates what is required to include the SNMP DPI in
       an SNMP agent.  This is actually a SMUX-based agent that works with
       the ISODE SNMP agent and provides an interface for SNMP DPI sub-
       agents.  The source to this program is in the file "dpid.tarbin".
       ISODE 6.7, or later, is a prerequisite.

    References

       [1] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and J. Davin, "Simple
           Network Management Protocol", RFC 1157, SNMP Research,
           Performance Systems International, Performance Systems
           International, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, May 1990.

       [2] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection,
           "Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)",

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 48]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

           International Organization for Standardization, International
           Standard 8824, December 1987.

       [3] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection,
           "Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax
           Notation One (ASN.1)", International Organization for
           Standardization, International Standard 8825, December 1987.

       [4] McCloghrie K., and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for
           Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", RFC 1156,
           Performance Systems International and Hughes LAN Systems, May
           1990.

       [5] Rose, M., and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and Identification of
           Management Information for TCP/IP-based internets", RFC 1155,
           Performance Systems International and Hughes LAN Systems, May
           1990.

       [6] International Business Machines, Inc., "TCP/IP for VM:
           Programmer's Reference", SC31-6084-0, 1990.

       [7] International Business Machines, Inc., "Virtual Machine System
           Facilities for Programming, Release 6", SC24-5288-01, 1988.

       [8] International Business Machines, Inc., "TCP/IP Version 1.1 for
           OS/2 EE:  Programmer's Reference", SC31-6077-1, 1990.

    Security Considerations

       Security issues are not discussed in this memo.

    Carpenter & Wijnen                                             [Page 49]

    RFC 1228                        SNMP-DPI                        May 1991

    Authors' Addresses

       Geoffrey C. Carpenter
       IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
       P. O. Box 218
       Yorktown Heights, NY  10598

       Phone:  (914) 945-1970

       Email:  gcc@watson.ibm.com

       Bert Wijnen
       IBM International Operations
       Watsonweg 2
       1423 ND Uithoorn
       The Netherlands

       Phone:  +31-2975-53316

       Email:  wijnen@uitvm2.iinus1.ibm.com

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