    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                     E. Haleplidis
    Request for Comments: 6053                          University of Patras
    Category: Informational                                         K. Ogawa
    ISSN: 2070-1721                                          NTT Corporation
                                                                     W. Wang
                                               Zhejiang Gongshang University
                                                               J. Hadi Salim
                                                           Mojatatu Networks
                                                               November 2010

                           Implementation Report for
               Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)

    Abstract

       Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) defines an
       architectural framework and associated protocols to standardize
       information exchange between the control plane and the forwarding
       plane in a ForCES network element (ForCES NE).  RFC 3654 has defined
       the ForCES requirements, and RFC 3746 has defined the ForCES
       framework.

       This document is an implementation report for the ForCES Protocol,
       Model, and the Stream Control Transmission Protocol-based Transport
       Mapping Layer (SCTP TML) documents, and includes a report on
       interoperability testing and the current state of ForCES
       implementations.

    Status of This Memo

       This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
       published for informational purposes.

       This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
       (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
       received public review and has been approved for publication by the
       Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
       approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
       Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

       Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
       and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
       http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6053.

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    Copyright Notice

       Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
       document authors.  All rights reserved.

       This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
       Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
       (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
       publication of this document.  Please review these documents
       carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
       to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
       include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
       the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
       described in the Simplified BSD License.

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    RFC 6053            Implementation Report for ForCES       November 2010

    Table of Contents

       1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         1.1.  ForCES Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         1.2.  ForCES Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         1.3.  Transport Mapping Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
       2.  Terminology and Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         2.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
         2.2.  Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       3.  Summary  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       4.  Methodology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       5.  Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       6.  Detail Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
         6.1.  Implementation Experience  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
           6.1.1.  ForCES Protocol Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
             6.1.1.1.  Protocol Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
             6.1.1.2.  MainHeader Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
             6.1.1.3.  TLV Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
             6.1.1.4.  Operation Types Supported  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
             6.1.1.5.  ForCES Protocol Advanced Features  . . . . . . . . 13
           6.1.2.  ForCES Model Features  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
             6.1.2.1.  Basic Atomic Types Supported . . . . . . . . . . . 14
             6.1.2.2.  Compound Types Supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
             6.1.2.3.  LFBs Supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
           6.1.3.  ForCES SCTP TML Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
             6.1.3.1.  TML Priority Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
             6.1.3.2.  Message Handling at Specific Priorities  . . . . . 19
             6.1.3.3.  TML Security Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
         6.2.  Interoperability Report  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
           6.2.1.  Scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
             6.2.1.1.  Scenario 1 - Pre-Association Setup . . . . . . . . 21
             6.2.1.2.  Scenario 2 - TML Priority Channels Connection  . . 22
             6.2.1.3.  Scenario 3 - Association Setup - Association
                       Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
             6.2.1.4.  Scenario 4 - CE Query  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
             6.2.1.5.  Scenario 5 - Heartbeat Monitoring  . . . . . . . . 23
             6.2.1.6.  Scenario 6 - Simple Config Command . . . . . . . . 23
             6.2.1.7.  Scenario 7 - Association Teardown  . . . . . . . . 24
           6.2.2.  Tested Features  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
             6.2.2.1.  ForCES Protocol Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
             6.2.2.2.  ForCES Model Features  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
             6.2.2.3.  ForCES SCTP TML Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
           6.2.3.  Interoperability Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       7.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
         9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
         9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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    1.  Introduction

       This document is an implementation report for the ForCES protocol,
       model, and the SCTP TML documents, and includes an interoperability
       report.

       It follows the outline suggested by [RFC5657].

       ForCES defines an architectural framework and associated protocols to
       standardize information exchange between the control plane and the
       forwarding plane in a ForCES network element (ForCES NE).  [RFC3654]
       has defined the ForCES requirements, and [RFC3746] has defined the
       ForCES framework.

    1.1.  ForCES Protocol

       The ForCES protocol works in a master-slave mode in which forwarding
       elements (FEs) are slaves and control elements (CEs) are masters.
       The protocol includes commands for transport of Logical Functional
       Block (LFB) configuration information, association setup, status,
       event notifications, etc.  The reader is encouraged to read the
       ForCES Protocol Specification [RFC5810] for further information.

    1.2.  ForCES Model

       The ForCES Model [RFC5812] presents a formal way to define FE Logical
       Functional Blocks (LFBs) using XML.  LFB configuration components,
       capabilities, and associated events are defined when the LFB is
       formally created.  The LFBs within the FE are accordingly controlled
       in a standardized way by the ForCES protocol.

    1.3.  Transport Mapping Layer

       The TML transports the protocol layer (PL) messages [RFC5810].  The
       TML is where the issues of how to achieve transport-level
       reliability, congestion control, multicast, ordering, etc. are
       handled.  All ForCES protocol layer implementations MUST be portable
       across all TMLs.  Although more than one TML may be standardized for
       the ForCES protocol, all implementations MUST implement SCTP TML
       [RFC5811].

    2.  Terminology and Conventions

    2.1.  Requirements Language

       The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
       "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
       document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

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    2.2.  Definitions

       This document follows the terminology defined by the ForCES
       requirements in [RFC3654] and by the ForCES framework in [RFC3746].
       The definitions are repeated below for clarity.

          Control Element (CE) - A logical entity that implements the ForCES
          protocol and uses it to instruct one or more FEs on how to process
          packets.  CEs handle functionality such as the execution of
          control and signaling protocols.

          Forwarding Element (FE) - A logical entity that implements the
          ForCES protocol.  FEs use the underlying hardware to provide
          per-packet processing and handling as directed/controlled by one
          or more CEs via the ForCES protocol.

          LFB (Logical Functional Block) - The basic building block that is
          operated on by the ForCES protocol.  The LFB is a well defined,
          logically separable functional block that resides in an FE and is
          controlled by the CE via the ForCES protocol.  The LFB may reside
          at the FE's datapath and process packets or may be purely an FE
          control or configuration entity that is operated on by the CE.
          Note that the LFB is a functionally accurate abstraction of the
          FE's processing capabilities, but not a hardware-accurate
          representation of the FE implementation.

          LFB Class and LFB Instance - LFBs are categorized by LFB Classes.
          An LFB Instance represents an LFB Class (or Type) existence.
          There may be multiple instances of the same LFB Class (or Type) in
          an FE.  An LFB Class is represented by an LFB Class ID, and an LFB
          Instance is represented by an LFB Instance ID.  As a result, an
          LFB Class ID associated with an LFB Instance ID uniquely specifies
          an LFB existence.

          LFB Metadata - Metadata is used to communicate per-packet state
          from one LFB to another, but is not sent across the network.  The
          FE model defines how such metadata is identified, produced, and
          consumed by the LFBs.  It defines the functionality but not how
          metadata is encoded within an implementation.

          LFB Components - Operational parameters of the LFBs that must be
          visible to the CEs are conceptualized in the FE model as the LFB
          components.  The LFB components include, for example, flags,
          single-parameter arguments, complex arguments, and tables that the
          CE can read and/or write via the ForCES protocol (see below).

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          ForCES Protocol - While there may be multiple protocols used
          within the overall ForCES architecture, the term "ForCES protocol"
          and "protocol" refer to the "Fp" reference points in the ForCES
          framework in [RFC3746].  This protocol does not apply to CE-to-CE
          communication, FE-to-FE communication, or to communication between
          FE and CE managers.  Basically, the ForCES protocol works in a
          master-slave mode in which FEs are slaves and CEs are masters.

          ForCES Protocol Transport Mapping Layer (ForCES TML) - A layer in
          ForCES protocol architecture that uses the capabilities of
          existing transport protocols to specifically address protocol
          message transportation issues, such as how the protocol messages
          are mapped to different transport media (like TCP, IP, ATM,
          Ethernet, etc.), and how to achieve and implement reliability,
          multicast, ordering, etc.  The ForCES TML specifications are
          detailed in separate ForCES documents, one for each TML.

    3.  Summary

       Three independent implementations, NTT Japan, the University of
       Patras, and Zhejiang Gongshang University, were surveyed and found to
       already implement all the major features.  All implementors mentioned
       they will be implementing all missing features in the future.

       An interop test was conducted in July 2009 for all three
       implementations.  Two other organizations, Mojatatu Networks and
       Hangzhou Baud Information and Networks Technology Corporation, which
       independently extended two different well known public domain
       protocol analyzers, Ethereal/Wireshark and tcpdump, also participated
       in the interop for a total of five independent organizations
       implementing.  The two protocol analyzers were used to verify the
       validity of ForCES protocol messages (and in some cases semantics).

       There were no notable difficulties in the interoperability test, and
       almost all issues were code bugs that were dealt with mostly on site;
       tests repeated successfully, as stated in Section 6.2.3.

    4.  Methodology

       This report describes an implementation experience survey as well as
       the results of the interoperability test.

       The survey information was gathered after implementors answered a
       brief questionnaire regarding all ForCES Protocol, Model, and SCTP
       TML features.  The results can be seen in Section 6.1.

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       The interoperability results were part of the interoperability test.
       Extended Ethereal and extended tcpdump were used to verify the
       results.  The results can be seen in Section 6.2.

    5.  Exceptions

       The core features of the ForCES Protocol, Model, and SCTP TML were
       implemented and assessed in an interop test in July 2009.  The
       intention of the interop testing was to validate that all the main
       features of the three core documents were interoperable amongst
       different implementations.  The tested features can be seen in
       Section 6.2.2.

       Different organizations surveyed have implemented certain features
       but not others.  This approach is driven by the presence of different
       LFBs that the different organizations currently implement.  All
       organizations surveyed have indicated their intention to implement
       all outstanding features in due time.  The implemented features can
       be seen in Section 6.1.

       The mandated TML security requirement, IP security (IPsec), was not
       validated during the interop and is not discussed in this document.
       Since IPsec is well known and widely deployed, not testing in the
       presence of IPsec does not invalidate the tests done.  Note that
       Section 6.1.3.3 indicates that none of the implementations reporting
       included support for IPsec, but all indicated their intention to
       implement it.

       Although the SCTP priority ports have changed since the
       interoperability test with the version of the SCTP TML draft
       available prior to the publication of RFC 5811, the change has no
       impact on the validity of the interoperability test.

    6.  Detail Section

    6.1.  Implementation Experience

       Three different organizations have implemented the ForCES Protocol,
       Model, and SCTP TML and answered a questionnaire.  These are:

       o  NTT Japan

       o  University of Patras

       o  Zhejiang Gongshang University

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       Extensions to protocol analyzers capable of understanding ForCES
       protocol messages are considered part of an implementation, since
       these analyzers can now understand and validate ForCES protocol
       message that have been exchanged.  Two such extensions have been
       created:

       o  Extension to Ethereal/Wireshark [ethereal].

       o  Extension to tcpdump [tcpdump].

       All implementors were asked about the ForCES features they have
       implemented.  For every item listed, the respondents indicated
       whether they had implemented, will implement, or won't implement at
       all.

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    6.1.1.  ForCES Protocol Features

    6.1.1.1.  Protocol Messages

       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       | Protocol Message |  NTT Japan  | University of |     Zhejiang     |
       |                  |             |     Patras    |     Gongshang    |
       |                  |             |               |    University    |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |       Setup      |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |  Setup Response  |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |     Teardown     |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |      Config      | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  Config Response | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |       Query      | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  Query Response  | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |       Event      | Implemented |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |   Notification   |             |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  Packet Redirect | Implemented |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |     Heartbeat    | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+

                             ForCES Protocol Messages

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    6.1.1.2.  MainHeader Handling

       +-----------------+-------------+----------------+------------------+
       |   Header Field  |  NTT Japan  |  University of |     Zhejiang     |
       |                 |             |     Patras     |     Gongshang    |
       |                 |             |                |    University    |
       +-----------------+-------------+----------------+------------------+
       |    Correlator   | Implemented |   Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                 |             |                |                  |
       |  ACK Indicator  | Implemented |   Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |       Flag      |             |                |                  |
       |                 |             |                |                  |
       |  Priority Flag  |     Will    |   Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                 |  Implement  |                |                  |
       |                 |             |                |                  |
       |  Execution Mode |     Will    | Will Implement |    Implemented   |
       |       Flag      |  Implement  |                |                  |
       |                 |             |                |                  |
       |      Atomic     |     Will    | Will Implement |    Implemented   |
       |   Transaction   |  Implement  |                |                  |
       |       Flag      |             |                |                  |
       |                 |             |                |                  |
       |   Transaction   |     Will    | Will Implement |    Implemented   |
       |    Phase Flag   |  Implement  |                |                  |
       +-----------------+-------------+----------------+------------------+

                                MainHeader Handling

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    6.1.1.3.  TLV Handling

       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       |        TLV       |  NTT Japan  | University of |     Zhejiang     |
       |                  |             |     Patras    |     Gongshang    |
       |                  |             |               |    University    |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       |   REDIRECT-TLV   | Implemented |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   ASResult-TLV   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   ASTReason-TLV  | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   LFBSelect-TLV  | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |     OPER-TLV     | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   PATH-DATA-TLV  | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    KEYINFO-TLV   |     Will    |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |  Implement  |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   FULLDATA-TLV   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  SPARSEDATA-TLV  |     Will    |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |  Implement  |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |        ILV       |     Will    |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |  Implement  |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |   METADATA-TLV   |     Will    |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |  Implement  |   Implement   |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    RESULT-TLV    | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       | REDIRECTDATA-TLV | Implemented |      Will     |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |   Implement   |                  |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+

                                  TLVs Supported

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    6.1.1.4.  Operation Types Supported

       +-------------------+-------------+---------------+-----------------+
       |     Operation     |  NTT Japan  | University of |     Zhejiang    |
       |                   |             |     Patras    |    Gongshang    |
       |                   |             |               |    University   |
       +-------------------+-------------+---------------+-----------------+
       |        SET        | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |      SET-PROP     |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |    SET-RESPONSE   | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       | SET-PROP-RESPONSE |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |        DEL        | Implemented |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |    DEL-RESPONSE   | Implemented |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |        GET        | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |      GET-PROP     |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |    GET-RESPONSE   | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       | GET-PROP-RESPONSE |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |       REPORT      | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |       COMMIT      |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |  COMMIT-RESPONSE  |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       |                   |             |               |                 |
       |       TRCOMP      |     Will    |      Will     |   Implemented   |
       |                   |  Implement  |   Implement   |                 |
       +-------------------+-------------+---------------+-----------------+

                             Operation Types Supported

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    6.1.1.5.  ForCES Protocol Advanced Features

       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+
       |    Feature    |  NTT Japan  |  University of | Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |               |             |     Patras     |     University     |
       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+
       |  Execute Mode |     Will    | Will Implement |     Implemented    |
       |               |  Implement  |                |                    |
       |               |             |                |                    |
       |  Transaction  |     Will    | Will Implement |     Implemented    |
       |               |  Implement  |                |                    |
       |               |             |                |                    |
       |    Batching   |     Will    |   Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |               |  Implement  |                |                    |
       |               |             |                |                    |
       |    Command    |     Will    | Will Implement |   Will Implement   |
       |   Pipelining  |  Implement  |                |                    |
       |               |             |                |                    |
       |   Heartbeats  | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+

                         ForCES Protocol Advanced Features

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    6.1.2.  ForCES Model Features

    6.1.2.1.  Basic Atomic Types Supported

       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+
       |   Atomic Type  |  NTT Japan  | University of | Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |                |             |     Patras    |     University     |
       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+
       |      char      | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |      uchar     | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |      int16     | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     uint16     | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |      int32     | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     uint32     | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |      int64     | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     uint64     | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     boolean    | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |    string[N]   | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     string     | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     byte[N]    | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       | octetstring[N] | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     float32    | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     float64    | Implemented |  Implemented  |   Will Implement   |
       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+

                           Basic Atomic Types Supported

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    RFC 6053            Implementation Report for ForCES       November 2010

    6.1.2.2.  Compound Types Supported

       +------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
       |  Compound  |  NTT Japan  |  University of  |  Zhejiang Gongshang  |
       |    Type    |             |      Patras     |      University      |
       +------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+
       |   structs  | Implemented |   Implemented   |      Implemented     |
       |            |             |                 |                      |
       |   arrays   | Implemented |   Implemented   |      Implemented     |
       +------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+

                             Compound Types Supported

    6.1.2.3.  LFBs Supported

    6.1.2.3.1.  FE Protocol LFB

       +------------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------+
       |     Protocol     |  NTT Japan  |  University of |     Zhejiang    |
       |     Datatypes    |             |     Patras     |    Gongshang    |
       |                  |             |                |    University   |
       +------------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------+
       |    CEHBPolicy    | Implemented |   Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                  |             |                |                 |
       |    FEHBPolicy    | Implemented |   Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                  |             |                |                 |
       |  FERestartPolicy | Implemented |   Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                  |             |                |                 |
       | CEFailoverPolicy | Implemented |   Implemented  |   Implemented   |
       |                  |             |                |                 |
       |     FEHACapab    | Implemented |   Implemented  |  Will Implement |
       +------------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------+

                             FE Protocol LFB Datatypes

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       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
       |  Protocol Components  |  NTT Japan  |  University |    Zhejiang   |
       |                       |             |  of Patras  |   Gongshang   |
       |                       |             |             |   University  |
       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
       | CurrentRunningVersion | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |          FEID         | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |     MulticastFEIDs    | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |       CEHBPolicy      | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |         CEHDI         | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |       FEHBPolicy      | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |          FEHI         | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |          CEID         | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |       BackupCEs       | Implemented |     Will    |      Will     |
       |                       |             |  Implement  |   Implement   |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |    CEFailoverPolicy   | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |         CEFTI         | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |    FERestartPolicy    | Implemented | Implemented |      Will     |
       |                       |             |             |   Implement   |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |        LastCEID       | Implemented | Implemented |      Will     |
       |                       |             |             |   Implement   |
       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+

                            FE Protocol LFB Components

       +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+
       |     Capabilities    |  NTT Japan  |  University |     Zhejiang    |
       |                     |             |  of Patras  |    Gongshang    |
       |                     |             |             |    University   |
       +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+
       | SupportableVersions | Implemented | Implemented |   Implemented   |
       |                     |             |             |                 |
       |    HACapabilities   | Implemented | Implemented |  Will Implement |
       +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+

                              Capabilities Supported

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       +---------------+------------+----------------+---------------------+
       |     Events    |  NTT Japan |  University of |  Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |               |            |     Patras     |      University     |
       +---------------+------------+----------------+---------------------+
       | PrimaryCEDown |    Will    | Will Implement |    Will Implement   |
       |               |  Implement |                |                     |
       +---------------+------------+----------------+---------------------+

                                 Events Supported

    6.1.2.3.2.  FE Object LFB

      +--------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
      |     Object Datatypes     |  NTT Japan  |  University |   Zhejiang  |
      |                          |             |  of Patras  |  Gongshang  |
      |                          |             |             |  University |
      +--------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
      |  LFBAdjacencyLimitType   | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      |    PortGroupLimitType    | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      |     SupportedLFBType     | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      |      FEStateValues       | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      | FEConfiguredNeighborType | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      |     LFBSelectorType      | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      |                          |             |             |             |
      |       LFBLinkType        | Implemented | Implemented | Implemented |
      +--------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

                              FE Object LFB Datatypes

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       +--------------+-------------+----------------+---------------------+
       |    Object    |  NTT Japan  |  University of |  Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |  Components  |             |     Patras     |      University     |
       +--------------+-------------+----------------+---------------------+
       |  LFBTopology | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       | LFBSelectors | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |    FEName    | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |     FEID     | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |   FEVendor   | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |    FEModel   | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |    FEState   | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       |              |             |                |                     |
       |  FENeighbors | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented     |
       +--------------+-------------+----------------+---------------------+

                             FE Object LFB Components

       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
       |      Capabilities     |  NTT Japan  |  University |    Zhejiang   |
       |                       |             |  of Patras  |   Gongshang   |
       |                       |             |             |   University  |
       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
       | ModifiableLFBTopology | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       |                       |             |             |               |
       |     SupportedLFBs     | Implemented | Implemented |  Implemented  |
       +-----------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+

                              Capabilities Supported

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    RFC 6053            Implementation Report for ForCES       November 2010

    6.1.3.  ForCES SCTP TML Features

    6.1.3.1.  TML Priority Ports

       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+
       |      Port      |  NTT Japan  | University of | Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |                |             |     Patras    |     University     |
       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+
       |  High priority | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |     (6700)     |             |               |                    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |     Medium     | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |    priority    |             |               |                    |
       |     (6701)     |             |               |                    |
       |                |             |               |                    |
       |  Low priority  | Implemented |  Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |     (6702)     |             |               |                    |
       +----------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------+

                                  Priority Ports

    6.1.3.2.  Message Handling at Specific Priorities

       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       |  ForCES Message  |  NTT Japan  | University of |     Zhejiang     |
       |                  |             |     Patras    |     Gongshang    |
       |                  |             |               |    University    |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |       Setup      |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |  Setup Response  |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |    Association   | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |     Teardown     |             |               |                  |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |      Config      | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  Config Response | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |       Query      | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       |                  |             |               |                  |
       |  Query Response  | Implemented |  Implemented  |    Implemented   |
       +------------------+-------------+---------------+------------------+

                   Message Handling at High-Priority (6700) Port

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       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+
       |     ForCES    |  NTT Japan  |  University of | Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |    Message    |             |     Patras     |     University     |
       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+
       |     Event     | Implemented |   Implemented  |     Implemented    |
       |  Notification |             |                |                    |
       +---------------+-------------+----------------+--------------------+

                  Message Handling at Medium-Priority (6701) Port

       +-------------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+
       |    ForCES   |  NTT Japan  |  University of  |  Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |   Message   |             |      Patras     |      University     |
       +-------------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+
       |    Packet   | Implemented |   Implemented   |     Implemented     |
       |   Redirect  |             |                 |                     |
       |             |             |                 |                     |
       |  Heartbeat  | Implemented |   Implemented   |     Implemented     |
       +-------------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+

                   Message Handling at Low-Priority (6702) Port

    6.1.3.3.  TML Security Feature

       +--------------+------------+-----------------+---------------------+
       |   Security   |  NTT Japan |  University of  |  Zhejiang Gongshang |
       |    Feature   |            |      Patras     |      University     |
       +--------------+------------+-----------------+---------------------+
       |     IPsec    |    Will    |  Will Implement |    Will Implement   |
       |              |  Implement |                 |                     |
       +--------------+------------+-----------------+---------------------+

                             Security Feature Support

    6.2.  Interoperability Report

       The interoperability test took place at the University of Patras, in
       the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

       There were two options for participation in the interoperability
       test.

       1.  Locally, on the University of Patras premises.

       2.  Remotely, via Internet.

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       Implementations from NTT and the University of Patras were present
       locally on the University of Patras premises in Greece, while the
       implementation from Zhejiang Gongshang University, which was behind a
       NAT, connected remotely from China.

       The interoperability test validated the basic functionality of the
       ForCES protocol, mainly message exchanging and handling.

       The following scenarios were tested.

    6.2.1.  Scenarios

       The main goal of the interoperability test was to validate the basic
       protocol functionality; the test parameters were limited.

       1.  In the Association Setup message, all report messages were
           ignored.

       2.  In the Association Setup stage, the FEO OperEnable Event (FE to
           CE), Config FEO Adminup (CE to FE), and FEO Config-Resp (FE to
           CE) messages were ignored.  The CEs assumed that the FEs were
           enabled once the LFB selectors had been queried.

       3.  Only FULLDATA-TLVs were used and not SPARSEDATA-TLVs.

       4.  There were no transaction operations.

       5.  Each message had only one LFBSelect-TLV, one OPER-TLV, and one
           PATH-DATA-TLV per message when these were used.

    6.2.1.1.  Scenario 1 - Pre-Association Setup

       While the pre-association setup is not in the ForCES current scope,
       it is an essential step before CEs and FEs communicate.  As the first
       part in a successful CE-FE connection, the participating CEs and FEs
       had to be configurable.

       In the pre-association phase, the following configuration items were
       set up regarding the CEs:

       o  The CE ID.

       o  The FE IDs that were connected to this CE.

       o  The IP addresses of the FEs that connected to the CE.

       o  The TML priority ports.

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       In the pre-association phase, the following configuration items were
       set up regarding the FEs:

       o  The FE ID.

       o  The CE ID to which this FE was connecting.

       o  The IP address of the CE to which this FE was connecting.

       o  The TML priority ports.

    6.2.1.2.  Scenario 2 - TML Priority Channels Connection

       For the interoperability test, the SCTP was used as TML.  The TML
       connection with the associating element was needed for Scenario 2 to
       be successful.

       SCTP TML [RFC5811] defines three priority channels, with specific
       ports:

       o  High priority - Port number: 6704

       o  Medium priority - Port number: 6705

       o  Lower priority - Port number: 6706

       However, at the time of the interoperability test, the SCTP ports of
       the three priority channels were the following:

       o  High priority - Port number: 6700

       o  Medium priority - Port number: 6701

       o  Lower priority - Port number: 6702

       As specified in Section 5, "Exceptions", this does not invalidate the
       results of the interoperability test.

    6.2.1.3.  Scenario 3 - Association Setup - Association Complete

       Once the pre-association phase in the previous two scenarios had
       completed, CEs and FEs would be ready to communicate using the ForCES
       protocol and enter the Association Setup stage.  In this stage, the
       FEs would attempt to join the NE.  The following ForCES protocol
       messages would be exchanged for each CE-FE pair in the specified
       order:

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       o  Association Setup message (from FE to CE)

       o  Association Setup Response message (from CE to FE)

       o  Query message: FEO LFB selectors (from CE to FE)

       o  Query Response: FEO LFB selectors response (from FE to CE)

    6.2.1.4.  Scenario 4 - CE Query

       Once the Association Setup stage had completed, the FEs and CEs would
       enter the Established stage.  In this stage, the FE will be
       continuously updated or queried.  The CE should query the FE for a
       specific value from the FE Object LFB and from the FE Protocol LFB.
       An example from the FE Protocol LFB is the FE Heartbeat Interval
       (FEHI), and an example from the FE Object LFB is the state of the LFB
       (FEState).

       The following ForCES protocol messages were exchanged:

       o  Query message

       o  Query Response message

    6.2.1.5.  Scenario 5 - Heartbeat Monitoring

       The Heartbeat (HB) message is used for one ForCES element (FE or CE)
       to asynchronously notify one or more other ForCES elements in the
       same ForCES NE of its liveness.  The default configuration of the
       Heartbeat Policy of the FE is set to 0, which means that the FE
       should not generate any Heartbeat messages.  The CE is responsible
       for checking FE liveness by setting the PL header ACK flag of the
       message it sends to AlwaysACK.  In this scenario, the CE will send a
       Heartbeat message with the ACK flag set to AlwaysACK, and the FE
       should respond.

       The following type of ForCES protocol message was exchanged:

       o  Heartbeat message

    6.2.1.6.  Scenario 6 - Simple Config Command

       A Config message is sent by the CE to the FE to configure LFB
       components in the FE.  A simple Config command, easily visible and
       metered, would be to change the Heartbeat configuration.  This was
       done in two steps:

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       1.  Change the FE Heartbeat Policy (FEHBPolicy) to value 1, to force
           the FE to send heartbeats.

       2.  After some heartbeats from the FE, the FE Heartbeat Interval
           (FEHI) was changed.

       The following ForCES protocol messages were exchanged:

       o  Config message

       o  Config Response message

    6.2.1.7.  Scenario 7 - Association Teardown

       In the end, the association must be terminated.  There were three
       scenarios by which the association was terminated:

       1.  Normal teardown, by exchanging an Association Teardown message.

       2.  Irregular teardown, by stopping heartbeats from an FE or a CE.

       3.  Irregular teardown, by externally shutting down/rebooting an FE
           or a CE.

       All scenarios were investigated in the interoperability test.

       The following type of ForCES protocol message was exchanged:

       o  Association Teardown message

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    RFC 6053            Implementation Report for ForCES       November 2010

    6.2.2.  Tested Features

       The features that were tested are:

    6.2.2.1.  ForCES Protocol Features

    6.2.2.1.1.  Protocol Messages

                          +----------------------------+
                          |      Protocol Message      |
                          +----------------------------+
                          |      Association Setup     |
                          |                            |
                          | Association Setup Response |
                          |                            |
                          |    Association Teardown    |
                          |                            |
                          |           Config           |
                          |                            |
                          |       Config Response      |
                          |                            |
                          |            Query           |
                          |                            |
                          |       Query Response       |
                          |                            |
                          |          Heartbeat         |
                          +----------------------------+

                             ForCES Protocol Messages

       o  PASS: All implementations handled the protocol messages, and all
          protocol analyzers captured them.

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    6.2.2.1.2.  MainHeader Handling

                              +--------------------+
                              |    Header Field    |
                              +--------------------+
                              |     Correlator     |
                              |                    |
                              | ACK Indicator Flag |
                              |                    |
                              |    Priority Flag   |
                              +--------------------+

                                MainHeader Handling

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these main header flags, and all
          protocol analyzers captured them.

    6.2.2.1.3.  TLV Handling

                                 +---------------+
                                 |      TLV      |
                                 +---------------+
                                 |  ASResult-TLV |
                                 |               |
                                 | ASTReason-TLV |
                                 |               |
                                 | LFBSelect-TLV |
                                 |               |
                                 |    OPER-TLV   |
                                 |               |
                                 | PATH-DATA-TLV |
                                 |               |
                                 |  FULLDATA-TLV |
                                 |               |
                                 |   RESULT-TLV  |
                                 +---------------+

                                  TLVs Supported

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these TLVs, and all protocol
          analyzers captured them.

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    6.2.2.1.4.  Operation Types Supported

                                 +--------------+
                                 |   Operation  |
                                 +--------------+
                                 |      SET     |
                                 |              |
                                 | SET-RESPONSE |
                                 |              |
                                 |      GET     |
                                 |              |
                                 | GET-RESPONSE |
                                 |              |
                                 |    REPORT    |
                                 +--------------+

                             Operation Types Supported

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these operations, and all
          protocol analyzers captured them.

    6.2.2.1.5.  ForCES Protocol Advanced Features

                                  +------------+
                                  |   Feature  |
                                  +------------+
                                  |  Batching  |
                                  |            |
                                  | Heartbeats |
                                  +------------+

                         ForCES Protocol Advanced Features

       Although batching was not initially intended to be tested, it was
       assessed during the interoperability test.

       o  PASS: Two implementations handled batching, and all handled
          heartbeats.  The protocol analyzers captured both.

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    6.2.2.2.  ForCES Model Features

    6.2.2.2.1.  Basic Atomic Types Supported

                                  +-------------+
                                  | Atomic Type |
                                  +-------------+
                                  |    uchar    |
                                  |             |
                                  |    uint32   |
                                  +-------------+

                           Basic Atomic Types Supported

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these basic atomic types.

    6.2.2.2.2.  Compound Types Supported

                                 +---------------+
                                 | Compound Type |
                                 +---------------+
                                 |    structs    |
                                 |               |
                                 |     arrays    |
                                 +---------------+

                             Compound Types Supported

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these compound types.

    6.2.2.2.3.  LFBs Supported

    6.2.2.2.3.1.  FE Protocol LFB

                              +--------------------+
                              | Protocol Datatypes |
                              +--------------------+
                              |     CEHBPolicy     |
                              |                    |
                              |     FEHBPolicy     |
                              +--------------------+

                             FE Protocol LFB Datatypes

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these FE Protocol LFB datatypes.

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                              +---------------------+
                              | Protocol Components |
                              +---------------------+
                              |         FEID        |
                              |                     |
                              |      CEHBPolicy     |
                              |                     |
                              |        CEHDI        |
                              |                     |
                              |      FEHBPolicy     |
                              |                     |
                              |         FEHI        |
                              |                     |
                              |         CEID        |
                              +---------------------+

                            FE Protocol LFB Components

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these FE Protocol LFB
          components.

    6.2.2.2.3.2.  FE Object LFB

                               +------------------+
                               | Object Datatypes |
                               +------------------+
                               |   FEStateValues  |
                               |                  |
                               |  LFBSelectorType |
                               +------------------+

                              FE Object LFB Datatypes

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these FE Object LFB datatypes.

                               +-------------------+
                               | Object Components |
                               +-------------------+
                               |    LFBSelectors   |
                               |                   |
                               |      FEState      |
                               +-------------------+

                             FE Object LFB Components

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these FE Object LFB components.

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    6.2.2.3.  ForCES SCTP TML Features

    6.2.2.3.1.  TML Priority Ports

                            +------------------------+
                            |          Port          |
                            +------------------------+
                            |  High priority (6700)  |
                            |                        |
                            | Medium priority (6701) |
                            |                        |
                            |   Low priority (6702)  |
                            +------------------------+

                                  Priority Ports

       o  PASS: All implementations opened and connected to all the SCTP
          priority ports.  The protocol analyzers captured all ports and
          their corresponding priority.

    6.2.2.3.2.  Message Handling at Specific Priorities

                          +----------------------------+
                          |       ForCES Message       |
                          +----------------------------+
                          |      Association Setup     |
                          |                            |
                          | Association Setup Response |
                          |                            |
                          |    Association Teardown    |
                          |                            |
                          |           Config           |
                          |                            |
                          |       Config Response      |
                          |                            |
                          |            Query           |
                          |                            |
                          |       Query Response       |
                          +----------------------------+

                   Message Handling at High-Priority (6700) Port

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these messages at this SCTP
          priority port.  The protocol analyzers captured these messages at
          this priority port.

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                                +----------------+
                                | ForCES Message |
                                +----------------+
                                |   Heartbeats   |
                                +----------------+

                   Message Handling at Low-Priority (6702) Port

       o  PASS: All implementations handled these messages at this SCTP
          priority port.  The protocol analyzers captured these messages at
          this priority port.

    6.2.3.  Interoperability Results

       All implementations were found to be interoperable with each other.

       All scenarios were tested successfully.

       The following issues were found and dealt with.

       1.   Some messages were sent on the wrong priority channels.  There
            were some ambiguities in the SCTP TML document regarding how to
            deal with such a situation.  The possibilities were an FE
            response on the same (wrong) channel as a CE query; an FE
            response on the correctly documented channel for the message; or
            simply dropping the packet.  This has been corrected by
            mandating the message-to-channel mapping to be a MUST in the
            SCTP TML document [RFC5811] before it was published as an RFC.

       2.   At some point, a CE sent a Teardown message to the FE.  The CE
            expected the FE to shut down the connection, and the FE waited
            for the CE to shut down the connection; both were then caught in
            a deadlock.  This was a code bug and was fixed.

       3.   Sometimes, only when the CE and FE were remote to each other
            (one being in China and another in Greece), the Association
            Setup message was not received by the CE side, and therefore an
            association never completed.  This was not an implementation
            issue but rather a network issue.  This issue was solved with
            the retransmission of the non-delivered messages.

       4.   An implementation did not take into account that the padding in
            TLVs MUST NOT be included in the length of the TLV.  This was a
            code bug and was fixed.

       5.   The Execution Mode flag was set to Reserved by a CE and was not
            ignored by the FE.  This was a code bug and was fixed.

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    RFC 6053            Implementation Report for ForCES       November 2010

       6.   After the FEHBPolicy was set to 1, the FE didn't send any
            heartbeats.  This was a code bug and was fixed.

       7.   Some FEs sent heartbeats with the ACK flag set to a value other
            than NoACK.  The CE responded.  This was a code bug and was
            fixed.

       8.   When a cable was disconnected, none of the TML implementations
            detected it.  The association was eventually dropped due to
            heartbeat detection; this test was a success, but this is an
            implementation issue that implementors should keep in mind.
            This is an SCTP options issue.  Nothing needed to be done.

       9.   A CE crashed due to unknown LFB selector values.  This was a
            code bug and was fixed.

       10.  With the remote connection from China (which was behind a NAT)
            to Greece, there were a lot of ForCES packet retransmissions.
            The problem was that packets like heartbeats were retransmitted.
            This was an implementation issue regarding SCTP usage that
            implementors should keep in mind.  The SCTP-PR option needed to
            be used.  Nothing needed to be done.

       The interoperability test went so well that an additional extended
       test was added to check for batching messages.  This test was also
       done successfully.

    7.  Acknowledgements

       The authors would like to give thanks to Professors Odysseas
       Koufopavlou and Spyros Denazis, and the Department of Electrical and
       Computer Engineering at the University of Patras, who hosted the
       ForCES interoperability test.

       The authors would also like to give thanks to Chuanhuang Li, Ming
       Gao, and other participants from Zhejiang Gongshang University, which
       connected remotely.  This allowed the discovery of a series of issues
       that would have been uncaught otherwise.

       The authors would also like to thank Hideaki Iwata and Yoshinobu
       Morimoto of NTT Japan for participating locally at the
       interoperability test; as well as Hiroki Date and Hidefumi Otsuka,
       also of NTT Japan, for contributing to the interoperability test.

       Additionally, thanks are given to Xinping Wang for her help in
       writing the interoperability document and to Fenggen Jia for
       extending the Ethereal protocol analyzer.

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    8.  Security Considerations

       No security elements of the protocol or the SCTP TML [RFC5811]
       specification were tested.

       The survey indicated that no security elements were implemented, but
       all participants indicated their intention to implement them.

       For security considerations regarding the ForCES protocol and SCTP
       TML, please see [RFC5810] and [RFC5811].

    9.  References

    9.1.  Normative References

       [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

       [RFC5810]   Doria, A., Hadi Salim, J., Haas, R., Khosravi, H., Wang,
                   W., Dong, L., Gopal, R., and J. Halpern, "Forwarding and
                   Control Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol
                   Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010.

       [RFC5811]   Hadi Salim, J. and K. Ogawa, "SCTP-Based Transport
                   Mapping Layer (TML) for the Forwarding and Control
                   Element Separation (ForCES) Protocol", RFC 5811,
                   March 2010.

       [RFC5812]   Halpern, J. and J. Hadi Salim, "Forwarding and Control
                   Element Separation (ForCES) Forwarding Element Model",
                   RFC 5812, March 2010.

    9.2.  Informative References

       [RFC3654]   Khosravi, H. and T. Anderson, "Requirements for
                   Separation of IP Control and Forwarding", RFC 3654,
                   November 2003.

       [RFC3746]   Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., and R. Gopal,
                   "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
                   Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004.

       [RFC5657]   Dusseault, L. and R. Sparks, "Guidance on Interoperation
                   and Implementation Reports for Advancement to Draft
                   Standard", BCP 9, RFC 5657, September 2009.

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       [ethereal]  "Ethereal is a protocol analyzer.  The specific Ethereal
                   that was used is an updated Ethereal, by Fenggen Jia,
                   that can analyze and decode the ForCES protocol
                   messages", <http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/forces/
                   current/msg03687.html>.

       [tcpdump]   "tcpdump is a Linux protocol analyzer.  The specific
                   tcpdump that was used is a modified tcpdump, by Jamal
                   Hadi Salim, that can analyze and decode the ForCES
                   protocol messages", <http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/
                   web/forces/current/msg03811.html>.

    Authors' Addresses

       Evangelos Haleplidis
       University of Patras
       Patras
       Greece

       EMail: ehalep@ece.upatras.gr

       Kentaro Ogawa
       NTT Corporation
       Tokyo
       Japan

       EMail: ogawa.kentaro@lab.ntt.co.jp

       Weiming Wang
       Zhejiang Gongshang University
       18, Xuezheng Str., Xiasha University Town
       Hangzhou,   310018
       P.R. China

       Phone: +86-571-28877721
       EMail: wmwang@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn

       Jamal Hadi Salim
       Mojatatu Networks
       Ottawa, Ontario
       Canada

       Phone:
       EMail: hadi@mojatatu.com

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