    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                     M. Nottingham
    Request for Comments: 8615                                      May 2019
    Obsoletes: 5785
    Updates: 7230, 7595
    Category: Standards Track
    ISSN: 2070-1721

                 Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)

    Abstract

       This memo defines a path prefix for "well-known locations",
       "/.well-known/", in selected Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
       schemes.

       In doing so, it obsoletes RFC 5785 and updates the URI schemes
       defined in RFC 7230 to reserve that space.  It also updates RFC 7595
       to track URI schemes that support well-known URIs in their registry.

    Status of This Memo

       This is an Internet Standards Track document.

       This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
       (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
       received public review and has been approved for publication by the
       Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
       Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

       Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
       and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
       https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8615.

    Copyright Notice

       Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
       document authors.  All rights reserved.

       This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
       Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
       (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
       publication of this document.  Please review these documents
       carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
       to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
       include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
       the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
       described in the Simplified BSD License.

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    Table of Contents

       1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
       2.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
       3.  Well-Known URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
         3.1.  Registering Well-Known URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
       4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
         4.1.  Protecting Well-Known Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
         4.2.  Interaction with Web Browsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
         4.3.  Scoping Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
         4.4.  Hidden Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
         5.1.  The Well-Known URI Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
         5.2.  The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes Registry  .   9
       6.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
         6.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
         6.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       Appendix A.  Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       Appendix B.  Changes from RFC 5785  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

    1.  Introduction

       Some applications on the Web require the discovery of information
       about an origin [RFC6454] (sometimes called "site-wide metadata")
       before making a request.  For example, the Robots Exclusion Protocol
       (http://www.robotstxt.org) specifies a way for automated processes to
       obtain permission to access resources; likewise, the Platform for
       Privacy Preferences [P3P] tells user agents how to discover privacy
       policy before interacting with an origin server.

       While there are several ways to access per-resource metadata (e.g.,
       HTTP header fields, PROPFIND in Web Distributed Authoring and
       Versioning (WebDAV) [RFC4918]), the perceived overhead (either in
       terms of client-perceived latency and/or deployment difficulties)
       associated with them often precludes their use in these scenarios.

       At the same time, it has become more popular to use HTTP as a
       substrate for non-Web protocols.  Sometimes, such protocols need a
       way to locate one or more resources on a given host.

       When this happens, one solution is to designate a "well-known
       location" for data or services related to the origin overall, so that
       it can be easily located.  However, this approach has the drawback of
       risking collisions, both with other such designated "well-known
       locations" and with resources that the origin has created (or wishes
       to create).  Furthermore, defining well-known locations usurps the
       origin's control over its own URI space [RFC7320].

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       To address these uses, this memo reserves a path prefix in HTTP,
       HTTPS, WebSocket (WS), and Secure WebSocket (WSS) URIs for these
       "well-known locations", "/.well-known/".  Future specifications that
       need to define a resource for such metadata can register their use to
       avoid collisions and minimise impingement upon origins' URI space.

       Well-known URIs can also be used with other URI schemes, but only
       when those schemes' definitions explicitly allow it.

    2.  Notational Conventions

       The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
       "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
       "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
       BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
       capitals, as shown here.

    3.  Well-Known URIs

       A well-known URI is a URI [RFC3986] whose path component begins with
       the characters "/.well-known/", provided that the scheme is
       explicitly defined to support well-known URIs.

       For example, if an application registers the name 'example', the
       corresponding well-known URI on 'http://www.example.com/' would be
       'http://www.example.com/.well-known/example'.

       This specification updates the "http" [RFC7230] and "https" [RFC7230]
       schemes to support well-known URIs.  Other existing schemes can use
       the appropriate process for updating their definitions; for example,
       [RFC8307] does so for the "ws" and "wss" schemes.  The "Uniform
       Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes" registry tracks which schemes
       support well-known URIs; see Section 5.2.

       Applications that wish to mint new well-known URIs MUST register
       them, following the procedures in Section 5.1, subject to the
       following requirements.

       Registered names MUST conform to the "segment-nz" production in
       [RFC3986].  This means they cannot contain the "/" character.

       Registered names for a specific application SHOULD be correspondingly
       precise; "squatting" on generic terms is not encouraged.  For
       example, if the Example application wants a well-known location for
       metadata, an appropriate registered name might be "example-metadata"
       or even "example.com-metadata", not "metadata".

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       At a minimum, a registration will reference a specification that
       defines the format and associated media type(s) to be obtained by
       dereferencing the well-known URI, along with the URI scheme(s) that
       the well-known URI can be used with.  If no URI schemes are
       explicitly specified, "http" and "https" are assumed.

       Typically, applications will use the default port for the given
       scheme; if an alternative port is used, it MUST be explicitly
       specified by the application in question.

       Registrations MAY also contain additional information, such as the
       syntax of additional path components, query strings, and/or fragment
       identifiers to be appended to the well-known URI, or protocol-
       specific details (e.g., HTTP [RFC7231] method handling).

       Note that this specification defines neither how to determine the
       hostname to use to find the well-known URI for a particular
       application, nor the scope of the metadata discovered by
       dereferencing the well-known URI; both should be defined by the
       application itself.

       Also, this specification does not define a format or media type for
       the resource located at "/.well-known/", and clients should not
       expect a resource to exist at that location.

       Well-known URIs are rooted in the top of the path's hierarchy; they
       are not well-known by definition in other parts of the path.  For
       example, "/.well-known/example" is a well-known URI, whereas
       "/foo/.well-known/example" is not.

       See also Section 4 for Security Considerations regarding well-known
       locations.

    3.1.  Registering Well-Known URIs

       The "Well-Known URIs" registry is located at
       <https://www.iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/>.  Registration
       requests can be made by following the instructions located there or
       by sending an email to the <wellknown-uri-review@ietf.org> mailing
       list.

       Registration requests consist of at least the following information:

       URI suffix:  The name requested for the well-known URI, relative to
          "/.well-known/"; e.g., "example".

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       Change controller:  For Standards Track RFCs, state "IETF".  For
          others, give the name of the responsible party.  Other details
          (e.g., email address, home page URI) may also be included.

       Specification document(s):  Reference to the document that specifies
          the field, preferably including a URI that can be used to retrieve
          a copy of the document.  An indication of the relevant sections
          may also be included, but is not required.

       Status:  One of "permanent" or "provisional".  See guidance below.

       Related information:  Optionally, citations to additional documents
          containing further relevant information.

       General requirements for registered values are described in
       Section 3.

       Values defined by Standards Track RFCs and other open standards (in
       the sense of [RFC2026], Section 7.1.1) have a status of "permanent".
       Other values can also be registered as permanent, if the experts find
       that they are in use, in consultation with the community.  Other
       values should be registered as "provisional".

       Provisional entries can be removed by the experts if -- in
       consultation with the community -- the experts find that they are not
       in use.  The experts can change a provisional entry's status to
       permanent; in doing so, the experts should consider how widely used a
       value is and consult the community beforehand.

       Note that "consult the community" above refers to those responsible
       for the URI scheme(s) in question.  Generally, this would take place
       on the mailing list(s) of the appropriate Working Group(s) (possibly
       concluded), or on <art@ietf.org> if no such list exists.

       Well-known URIs can be registered by third parties (including the
       expert(s)), if the expert(s) determine that an unregistered well-
       known URI is widely deployed and not likely to be registered in a
       timely manner otherwise.  Such registrations still are subject to the
       requirements defined, including the need to reference a
       specification.

    4.  Security Considerations

       Applications minting new well-known URIs, as well as administrators
       deploying them, will need to consider several security-related
       issues, including (but not limited to) exposure of sensitive data,
       denial-of-service attacks (in addition to normal load issues), server

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       and client authentication, vulnerability to DNS rebinding attacks,
       and attacks where limited access to a server grants the ability to
       affect how well-known URIs are served.

       [RFC3552] contains some examples of potential security considerations
       that may be relevant to application protocols and administrators
       deploying them.

    4.1.  Protecting Well-Known Resources

       Because well-known locations effectively represent the entire origin,
       server operators should appropriately control the ability to write to
       them.  This is especially true when more than one entity is
       co-located on the same origin.  Even for origins that are controlled
       by and represent a single entity, due care should be taken to assure
       that write access to well-known locations is not granted unwittingly,
       either externally through server configuration or locally through
       implementation permissions (e.g., on a filesystem).

    4.2.  Interaction with Web Browsing

       Applications using well-known URIs for "http" or "https" URLs need to
       be aware that well-known resources will be accessible to Web
       browsers, and therefore are able to be manipulated by content
       obtained from other parts of that origin.  If an attacker is able to
       inject content (e.g., through a Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability),
       they will be able to make potentially arbitrary requests to the well-
       known resource.

       HTTP and HTTPS also use origins as a security boundary for many other
       mechanisms, including (but not limited to) cookies [RFC6265], Web
       Storage [WEBSTORAGE], and various capabilities.

       An application that defines well-known locations should not assume
       that it has sole access to these mechanisms or that it is the only
       application using the origin.  Depending on the nature of the
       application, mitigations can include:

       o  Encrypting sensitive information

       o  Allowing flexibility in the use of identifiers (e.g., cookie
          names) to avoid collisions with other applications

       o  Using the 'HttpOnly' flag on cookies to assure that cookies are
          not exposed to browser scripting languages [RFC6265]

       o  Using the 'Path' parameter on cookies to assure that they are not
          available to other parts of the origin [RFC6265]

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       o  Using X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff [FETCH] to assure that
          content under attacker control can't be coaxed into a form that is
          interpreted as active content by a Web browser

       Other good practices include:

       o  Using an application-specific media type in the Content-Type
          header field, and requiring clients to fail if it is not used

       o  Using Content-Security-Policy [CSP] to constrain the capabilities
          of active content (such as HTML [HTML5]), thereby mitigating
          Cross-Site Scripting attacks

       o  Using Referrer-Policy [REFERRER-POLICY] to prevent sensitive data
          in URLs from being leaked in the Referer request header field

       o  Avoiding use of compression on any sensitive information (e.g.,
          authentication tokens, passwords), as the scripting environment
          offered by Web browsers allows an attacker to repeatedly probe the
          compression space; if the attacker has access to the path of the
          communication, they can use this capability to recover that
          information.

    4.3.  Scoping Applications

       This memo does not specify the scope of applicability for the
       information obtained from a well-known URI, and does not specify how
       to discover a well-known URI for a particular application.

       Individual applications using this mechanism must define both
       aspects; if this is not specified, security issues can arise from
       implementation deviations and confusion about boundaries between
       applications.

       Applying metadata discovered in a well-known URI to resources other
       than those co-located on the same origin risks administrative as well
       as security issues.  For example, allowing
       "https://example.com/.well-known/example" to apply policy to
       "https://department.example.com", "https://www.example.com", or even
       "https://www.example.com:8000" assumes a relationship between hosts
       where there might be none, thereby giving control to a potential
       attacker.

       Likewise, specifying that a well-known URI on a particular hostname
       is to be used to bootstrap a protocol can cause a large number of
       undesired requests.  For example, if a well-known HTTPS URI is used
       to find policy about a separate service such as email, it can result

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       in a flood of requests to Web servers, even if they don't implement
       the well-known URI.  Such undesired requests can resemble a denial-
       of-service attack.

    4.4.  Hidden Capabilities

       Applications using well-known locations should consider that some
       server administrators might be unaware of their existence (especially
       on operating systems that hide directories whose names begin with
       ".").  This means that if an attacker has write access to the
       .well-known directory, they would be able to control its contents,
       possibly without the administrator realising it.

    5.  IANA Considerations

    5.1.  The Well-Known URI Registry

       This specification updates the registration procedures for the "Well-
       Known URI" registry, first defined in [RFC5785]; see Section 3.1.

       Well-known URIs are registered on the advice of one or more experts,
       with a Specification Required (using terminology from [RFC8126]).

       The experts' primary considerations in evaluating registration
       requests are:

       o  Conformance to the requirements in Section 3

       o  The availability and stability of the specifying document

       o  The considerations outlined in Section 4

       IANA will direct the senders of any incoming registry requests to
       this document and, if defined, the processes established by the
       expert(s); typically, this will mean referring them to the registry
       Web page.

       Per this document, IANA has:

       o  Updated the registration procedure to Specification Required.

       o  Added a "Status" column to the registry and marked all of the
          existing registrations as "permanent".

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    5.2.  The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes Registry

       This specification adds a field to the registration template of the
       "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes" registry, with the name
       "Well-Known URI Support" and a default value of "-".

       If a URI scheme explicitly has been specified to use well-known URIs
       as per Section 3, the value changes to a reference to that
       specification.  Initial values not equal to "-" are given in Table 1.

                      +------------+------------------------+
                      | URI Scheme | Well-Known URI Support |
                      +------------+------------------------+
                      | coap       | [RFC7252]              |
                      | coap+tcp   | [RFC8323]              |
                      | coap+ws    | [RFC8323]              |
                      | coaps      | [RFC7252]              |
                      | coaps+tcp  | [RFC8323]              |
                      | coaps+ws   | [RFC8323]              |
                      | http       | [RFC8615]              |
                      | https      | [RFC8615]              |
                      | ws         | [RFC8307]              |
                      | wss        | [RFC8307]              |
                      +------------+------------------------+

           Table 1: Rows in URI Scheme Registry with Nonempty New Column

    6.  References

    6.1.  Normative References

       [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                  Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

       [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
                  Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
                  RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

       [RFC6454]  Barth, A., "The Web Origin Concept", RFC 6454,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC6454, December 2011,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6454>.

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       [RFC7230]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
                  Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
                  RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

       [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
                  Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
                  RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

       [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
                  2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
                  May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

    6.2.  Informative References

       [CSP]      West, M., "Content Security Policy Level 3", World Wide
                  Web Consortium WD WD-CSP3-20160913, September 2016,
                  <https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-CSP3-20160913>.

       [FETCH]    WHATWG, "Fetch - Living Standard",
                  <https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org>.

       [HTML5]    WHATWG, "HTML - Living Standard",
                  <https://html.spec.whatwg.org>.

       [P3P]      Marchiori, M., "The Platform for Privacy Preferences 1.0
                  (P3P1.0) Specification", World Wide Web Consortium
                  Recommendation REC-P3P-20020416, April 2002,
                  <http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-P3P-20020416>.

       [REFERRER-POLICY]
                  Eisinger, J. and E. Stark, "Referrer Policy", World Wide
                  Web Consortium CR CR-referrer-policy-20170126, January
                  2017,
                  <https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-referrer-policy-20170126>.

       [RFC2026]  Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
                  3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, DOI 10.17487/RFC2026, October 1996,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2026>.

       [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
                  Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

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       [RFC4918]  Dusseault, L., Ed., "HTTP Extensions for Web Distributed
                  Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV)", RFC 4918,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC4918, June 2007,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4918>.

       [RFC5785]  Nottingham, M. and E. Hammer-Lahav, "Defining Well-Known
                  Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 5785,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC5785, April 2010,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5785>.

       [RFC6265]  Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC6265, April 2011,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6265>.

       [RFC7231]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
                  Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

       [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
                  Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
                  DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

       [RFC7320]  Nottingham, M., "URI Design and Ownership", BCP 190,
                  RFC 7320, DOI 10.17487/RFC7320, July 2014,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7320>.

       [RFC8307]  Bormann, C., "Well-Known URIs for the WebSocket Protocol",
                  RFC 8307, DOI 10.17487/RFC8307, January 2018,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8307>.

       [RFC8323]  Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Tschofenig, H., Hartke, K.,
                  Silverajan, B., and B. Raymor, Ed., "CoAP (Constrained
                  Application Protocol) over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets",
                  RFC 8323, DOI 10.17487/RFC8323, February 2018,
                  <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8323>.

       [WEBSTORAGE]
                  Hickson, I., "Web Storage (Second Edition)", World Wide
                  Web Consortium Recommendation REC-webstorage-20160419,
                  April 2016,
                  <http://www.w3.org/TR/2016/REC-webstorage-20160419>.

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    Appendix A.  Frequently Asked Questions

       Aren't well-known locations bad for the Web?
          They are, but for various reasons -- both technical and social --
          they are sometimes necessary.  This memo defines a "sandbox" for
          them, to reduce the risks of collision and to minimise the impact
          upon preexisting URIs on sites.

       Why "/.well-known?"
          It's short, descriptive, and according to search indices, not
          widely used.

       What impact does this have on existing mechanisms, such as P3P and
       robots.txt?
          None, until they choose to use this mechanism.

       Why aren't per-directory well-known locations defined?
          Allowing every URI path segment to have a well-known location
          (e.g., "/images/.well-known/") would increase the risks of
          colliding with a preexisting URI on a site, and generally these
          solutions are found not to scale well because they're too
          "chatty".

    Appendix B.  Changes from RFC 5785

       o  Allowed non-Web well-known locations

       o  Adjusted IANA instructions

       o  Updated references

       o  Made various other clarifications

       o  Tracked supporting schemes in the "Uniform Resource Identifier
          (URI) Schemes" registry

    Author's Address

       Mark Nottingham

       Email: mnot@mnot.net
       URI:   https://www.mnot.net/

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