MIF Working Group D. Anipko Internet-Draft Microsoft Corporation Intended status: Informational July 26, 2013 Expires: January 25, 2014 Multiple Provisioning Domain Architecture draft-anipko-mif-mpvd-arch-02 Abstract This document is a product of the work of MIF architecture design team. It outlines a solution framework for some of the issues, experienced by nodes that can be attached to multiple networks. The framework defines the notion of a Provisioning Domain (PVD) - a consistent set of network configuration information, and PVD-aware nodes - nodes which learn PVDs from the attached network(s) and/or other sources and manage and use multiple PVDs for connectivity separately and consistently. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 25, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Definitions and types of PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Explicit and implicit PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Incremental deployment of explicit PVDs . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Relationship between PVDs and interfaces . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4. PVD identity/naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5. Relationship to dual-stack networks . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6. Elements of PVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Example network configurations and number of PVDs . . . . . . 7 4. Reference model of PVD-aware node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Constructions and maintenance of separate PVDs . . . . . . 7 4.2. Consistent use of PVDs for network connections . . . . . . 7 4.2.1. Name resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2.2. Next-hop and source address selection . . . . . . . . 8 4.3. Connectivity tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.4. Relationship to interface management and connection manager 8 5. PVD support in APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2. Intermediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. PVD-aware nodes trust to PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.1. Untrusted PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.2. Trusted PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2.1. Authenticated PVDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2.2. PVDs trusted by attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Introduction Nodes attached to multiple networks may encounter problems due to conflict of the networks configuration and/or simultaneous use of the multiple available networks. While existing implementations apply various techniques ([RFC6419]) to tackle such problems, in many cases the issues may still appear. The MIF problem statement document [RFC6418] describes the general landscape as well as discusses many specific issues and scenarios details, and are not listed in this document. Across the layers, problems enumerated in [RFC6418] can be grouped Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 into 3 categories: 1. Lack of consistent and distinctive management of configuration elements, associated with different networks. 2. Inappropriate mixed use of configuration elements, associated with different networks, in the course of a particular network activity / connection. 3. Use of a particular network, not consistent with the intent of the scenario / involved parties, leading to connectivity failure and / or other undesired consequences. As an illustration: an example of (1) is a single node-scoped list of DNS server IP addresses, learned from different networks, leading to failures or delays in resolution of name from particular namespaces; an example of (2) is use of an attempt to resolve a name of a HTTP proxy server, learned from a network A, with a DNS server, learned from a network B, likely to fail; an example of (3) is a use of employer-sponsored VPN connection for peer-to-peer connections, unrelated to employment activities. This architecture describes a solution to these categories of problems, respectively, by: 1. Introducing a formal notion of the PVD, including PVD identity, and ways for nodes to learn the intended associations among acquired network configuration information elements. 2. Introducing a reference model for a PVD-aware node, preventing inadvertent mixed use of the configuration information, which may belong to different PVDs. 3. Providing recommendations on PVD selection based on PVD identity and connectivity tests for common scenarios. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 2. Definitions and types of PVDs Provisioning Domain: a consistent set of network configuration information. Classically, the entire set available on a single interface is provided by a single source, such as network administrator, and can therefore be treated as a single provisioning domain. In modern IPv6 networks, multihoming can result in more than one provisioning domain being present on a single link. In some scenarios, it is also possible for elements of the same domain to be present on multiple links. Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 Typical examples of information in a provisioning domain, learned from the network, are: source address prefixes, to be used by connections within the provisioning domain, IP address of DNS server, name of HTTP proxy server if available, DNS suffixes associated with the network etc. It is assumed that normally, configuration information contained in a single PVD, shall be sufficient for a node to fulfill a network connection request by an application, and hence there should be no need to attempt to merge information across different PVDs. Nevertheless, even when a PVD lack some parts of the configuration, merging of information from different PVD(s) shall not be done automatically, since typically it would lead to issues described in [RFC6418]. A node may use other sources, such as e.g., node local policy, user input or other mechanisms, not defined by IETF, to either construct a PVD entirely (analogously to static IP configuration of an interface), or supplement with particular elements all or some PVDs learned from the network, or potentially merge information from different PVDs, if such merge is known to the node to be safe, based on explicit policies. As an example, node administrator could inject a not ISP-specific DNS server into PVDs for any of the networks the node could become attached to. Such creation / augmentation of PVD(s) could be static or dynamic. The particular implementation mechanisms are outside of the scope of this document. Link-specific and/or vendor-proprietary mechanisms for discovery of PVD information, different from the IETF-defined mechanisms, can be used by the nodes separately from or together with IETF-defined mechanisms, as long as they allow to discover necessary elements of the PVD(s). In all cases, by default nodes must ensure that the lifetime of all dynamically discovered PVD configuration is appropriately limited by the relevant events - for example, if an interface media state change was indicated, the previously discovered information may no longer be valid and needs to be re-discovered or confirmed. PVD-aware node: a node that supports association of network configuration information into PVDs, and using the resultant PVDs to serve requests for network connections in ways, consistent with recommendations of this architecture. 2.1. Explicit and implicit PVDs A node may receive explicit information from the network and/or other sources, about presence of PVDs and association of particular network information with a particular PVD. PVDs, constructed based on such Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 information, are referred to in this document as "explicit". Protocol changes/extensions will likely be required to support the explicit PVDs by IETF-defined mechanisms. As an example, one could think of one or several DHCP options, carrying PVD identity and / or its elements. A different approach could be to introduce a DHCP option, which only carries identity of a PVD, while the association of network information elements with that identity, is implemented by the respective protocols - such as e.g., with a Router Discovery [RFC4861] option associating an address range with a PVD. Specific, existing or new, features of networking protocols to enable delivery of PVD identity and association with various network information elements will be defined in companion design documents. It shall be possible for networks to communicate that some of their configuration elements could be used within a context of other networks/PVDs. Based on such declaration and their policies, PVD- aware nodes may choose to inject such elements into some or all other PVDs they connect to. When connected to networks, which don't advertise explicit PVD information, PVD-aware shall automatically create separate PVDs for configuration received on different interfaces. Such PVDs are referred to in this document as "implicit". 2.2. Incremental deployment of explicit PVDs It is likely that for a long time there may be networks which do not advertise explicit PVD information, since deployment of any new features in networking protocols is a relatively slow process. In such environments, PVD-aware nodes may still provide benefits to their users, compared to non-PVD aware nodes, by using network information from different interfaces separately and consistently to serve network connection requests. In the mixed mode, where e.g., multiple networks are available on the link the interface is attached to, and only some of the networks advertise PVD information, the PVD-aware node shall create explicit PVDs based on explicitly learned PVD information, and associate the rest of the configuration with an implicit PVD created for that interface. 2.3. Relationship between PVDs and interfaces Implicit PVDs are limited to network configuration information received on a single interface. Explicit PVDs, in practice will often also be scoped to a configuration related to a particular interface, however per this architecture there is no such requirement or limitation and as defined in this architecture, explicit PVDs may include information related to more than one interfaces, if the node learns presence of the same PVD on those interfaces and the authentication of the PVD ID meets the level required by the node policy. Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 2.4. PVD identity/naming For explicit PVDs, PVD ID (globally unique ID, that possibly is human-readable) is received as part of that information. For implicit PVDs, the node assigns a locally generated globally unique ID to each implicit PVD. PVD-aware node may use these IDs to choose a PVD with matching ID for special-purpose connection requests, in accordance with node policy or choice by advanced applications, and/or to present human-readable IDs to the end-user for selection of Internet-connected PVDs. A single network provider may operate multiple networks, including networks at different locations. In such cases, the provider may chose whether to advertise single or multiple PVD identities at all or some of those networks, as it suits their business needs. This architecture doesn't impose specific requirements in this regard. When multiple nodes are connected to the same link, where one or more explicit PVDs are available, this architecture assumes that the information about all available PVDs is advertized by the networks to all the connected nodes. At the same time, the connected nodes may have different heuristics, policies and/or other settings, including configured set of their trusted PVDs, which may lead to different PVDs actually being used by different nodes for their connections. Possible extensions, where different sets of PVDs may be advertised by the networks to different connected nodes, are out of scope for this document. 2.5. Relationship to dual-stack networks When applied to dual-stack networks, the PVD definition allows for multiple PVDs to be created, where each PVD contain information for only one address family, or for a single PVD that contains information about multiple address families. This architecture requires that accompanying design documents for accompanying protocol changes must support PVDs containing information from multiple address families. PVD-aware nodes must be capable of dealing with both single-family and multi-family PVDs. For explicit PVDs, the choice of either of the approaches is a policy decision of a network administrator and/or node user/administrator. Since some of the IP configuration information that can be learned from the network can be applicable to multiple address families (for instance DHCP address selection option [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select- opt]), it is likely that dual-stack networks will deploy single PVDs for both address families. Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 For implicit PVDs, by default PVD-aware nodes shall including multiple IP families into single implicit PVD created for an interface. At the time of writing of this document in dual-stack networks it appears to be a common practice for configuration of both address families to be provided by a single source. A PVD-aware node that provides API to use / enumerate / inspect PVDs and/or their properties shall provide ability to filter PVDs and/or their properties by address family. 2.6. Elements of PVD 3. Example network configurations and number of PVDs 4. Reference model of PVD-aware node 4.1. Constructions and maintenance of separate PVDs 4.2. Consistent use of PVDs for network connections PVDs enable PVD-aware nodes to use consistently a correct set of configuration elements to serve the specific network requests from beginning to end. This section describes specific examples of such consistent use. 4.2.1. Name resolution When PVD-aware node needs to resolve a name of the destination used by a connection request, the node could decide to use one, or multiple PVDs for a given name lookup. The node shall chose one PVD, if e.g., the node policy required to use a particular PVD for a particular purpose (e.g. to download an MMS using a specific APN over a cellular connection). To make the choice, the node could use a match of the PVD DNS suffix or other form of PVD ID, as determined by the node policy. The node may pick multiple PVDs, if e.g., they are general purpose PVDs providing connectivity to the Internet, and the node desires to maximize chances for connectivity in Happy Eyeballs style. In this case, the node could do the lookups in parallel, or in sequence. Alternatively, the node may use for the lookup only one PVD, based on the PVD connectivity properties, user choice of the preferred Internet PVD, etc. In either case, by default the node uses information obtained in a name service lookup to establish connections only within the same PVD Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 from which the lookup results were obtained. For simplicity, when we say that name service lookup results were obtained from a PVD, what we mean is that the name service query was issued against a name service the configuration of which is present in a particular PVD. In that sense, the results are "from" that particular PVD. Some nodes may support transports and/or APIs, which provide an abstraction of a single connection, aggregating multiple underlying connections. MPTCP [RFC6182] is an example of such transport protocol. For the connections provided by such transports/APIs, a PVD-aware node may use different PVDs for servicing of that logical connection, provided that all operations on the underlying connections are done consistently within their corresponding PVD(s). 4.2.2. Next-hop and source address selection For the purpose of this discussion, let's assume the preceding name lookup succeeded in a particular PVD. For each obtained destination address, the node shall perform a next-hop lookup among routers, associated with that PVD. As an example, such association could be determined by the node via matching the source address prefixes/ specific routes advertized by the router against known PVDs, or receiving explicit PVD affiliation advertized through a new Router Discovery [RFC4861] option. For each destination, once the best next-hop is found, the node selects best source address according to the [RFC6724] rules, but with a constraint that the source address must belong to a range associated with the used PVD. If needed, the node would use the prefix policy from the same PVD for the best source address selection among multiple candidates. When destination/source pairs are identified, then they are sorted using the [RFC6724] destination sorting rules and the prefix policy table from the used PVD. 4.3. Connectivity tests 4.4. Relationship to interface management and connection managers 5. PVD support in APIs In all cases changes in available PVDs must be somehow exposed, appropriately for each of the approaches. 5.1. Basic Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 Applications are not PVD-aware in any manner, and only submit connection requests. The node performs PVD selection implicitly, without any otherwise applications participation, and based purely on node-specific administrative policies and/or choices made by the user in a user interface provided by the operating environment, not by the application. As an example, such PVD selection can be done at the name service lookup step, by using the relevant configuration elements, such as e.g., those described in [RFC6731]. As another example, the PVD selection could be done based on application identity or type (i.e., a node could always use a particular PVD for a VOIP application). 5.2. Intermediate Applications indirectly participate in selection of PVD by specifying hard requirements and soft preferences. The node performs PVD selection, based on applications inputs and policies and/or user preferences. Some / all properties of the resultant PVD may be exposed to applications. 5.3. Advanced PVDs are directly exposed to applications, for enumeration and selection. Node polices and/or user choices, may still override the application preferences and limit which PVD(s) can be enumerated and/ or used by the application, irrespectively of any preferences which application may have specified. Depending on the implementation, such restrictions, imposed per node policy and/or user choice, may or may not be visible to the application. 6. PVD-aware nodes trust to PVDs 6.1. Untrusted PVDs Implicit and explicit PVDs for which no trust relationship exists are considered untrusted. Only PVDs, which meet the requirements in Section 6.2, are trusted; any other PVD is untrusted. In order to avoid various forms of misinformation that can be asserted when PVDs are untrusted, nodes that implement PVD separation cannot assume that two explicit PVDs with the same identifier are actually the same PVD. A node that did make this assumption would be vulnerable to attacks where for example an open Wifi hotspot might assert that it was part of another PVD, and thereby might draw traffic intended for that PVD onto its own network. Since implicit PVD identifiers are synthesized by the node, this issue cannot arise with implicit PVDs. Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 Mechanisms exist (for example, [RFC6731]) whereby a PVD can provide configuration information that asserts special knowledge about the reachability of resources through that PVD. Such assertions cannot be validated unless the node has a trust relationship with the PVD; assertions of this type therefore must be ignored by nodes that receive them from untrusted PVDs. Failure to ignore such assertions could result in traffic being diverted from legitimate destinations to spoofed destinations. 6.2. Trusted PVDs Trusted PVDs are PVDs for which two conditions apply. First, a trust relationship must exist between the node that is using the PVD configuration and the source that provided that configuration; this is the authorization portion of the trust relationship. Second, there must be some way to validate the trust relationship. This is the authentication portion of the trust relationship. Two mechanisms for validating the trust relationship are defined. 6.2.1. Authenticated PVDs One way to validate the trust relationship between a node and the source of a PVD is through the combination of cryptographic authentication and an identifier configured on the node. In some cases, the two could be the same; for example, if authentication is done with a shared secret, the secret would have to be associated with the PVD identifier. Without a (PVD Identifier, shared key) tuple, authentication would be impossible, and hence authentication and authorization are combined. However, if authentication is done using some public key mechanism such as a TLS cert or DANE, authentication by itself isn't enough, since theoretically any PVD could be authenticated in this way. In addition to authentication, the node would need to be configured to trust the identifier being authenticated. Validating the authenticated PVD name against a list of PVD names configured as trusted on the node would constitute the authorization step in this case. 6.2.2. PVDs trusted by attachment In some cases a trust relationship may be validated by some means other than described in Section 6.2.1, simply by virtue of the connection through which the PVD was obtained. For instance, a handset connected to a mobile network may know through the mobile network infrastructure that it is connected to a trusted PVD, and whatever mechanism was used to validate that connection constitutes the authentication portion of the PVD trust relationship. Presumably such a handset would be configured from the factory, or else through mobile operator or user preference settings, to trust the PVD, and this would constitute the authorization portion of this type of trust relationship. Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 7. Acknowledgements 8. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 9. Security Considerations All drafts are required to have a security considerations section. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 10.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-6man-addr-select-opt] Matsumoto, A., Fujisaki, T. and T. Chown, "Distributing Address Selection Policy using DHCPv6", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-6man-addr-select-opt-10, April 2013. [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W. and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007. [RFC6182] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., Barre, S. and J. Iyengar, "Architectural Guidelines for Multipath TCP Development", RFC 6182, March 2011. [RFC6418] Blanchet, M. and P. Seite, "Multiple Interfaces and Provisioning Domains Problem Statement", RFC 6418, November 2011. [RFC6419] Wasserman, M. and P. Seite, "Current Practices for Multiple-Interface Hosts", RFC 6419, November 2011. [RFC6724] Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A. and T. Chown, "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 6724, September 2012. [RFC6731] Savolainen, T., Kato, J. and T. Lemon, "Improved Recursive DNS Server Selection for Multi-Interfaced Nodes", RFC 6731, December 2012. Author's Address Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft MPVD architecture July 2013 Dmitry Anipko Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 USA Phone: +1 425 703 7070 Email: dmitry.anipko@microsoft.com Anipko Expires January 25, 2014 [Page 12]